Question

when did the modern state system emerge?
after world war ii in 1946
during the industrial revolution in the 1800s
after the peace of westphalia in 1648
following the french revolution in 1789

Explanation:

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 is widely regarded as the origin of the modern state system. It ended the Thirty Years' War and established principles like state sovereignty.

Answer:

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648