Question

1 what principle focuses on fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens associated with genetic advancements?
a justice
b autonomy
c non-maleficence
d beneficence
2 which term refers to alterations or changes occurring in the sequence of nucleotides that make up an organisms dna?
a genetic selection
b genetic mutations
c genetic variation
d genetic drift
3 what is the genetic composition of males in terms of sex chromosomes?
a yy
b xyy
c xy
d xx
4 which mutation occurs when one nucleotide is replaced by another in the dna sequence?
a deletion mutation
b frameshift mutation
c insertion mutation
d substitution mutation
5 what forms the backbone of the dna strand?
a hydrogen bonds
b nitrogenous bases
c sugar-phosphate backbone
d covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases
6 what is the complete set of genetic information present in an individuals dna called?
a genome
b nucleotide
c gene
d chromosome
7 which ethical principle is challenged by the high cost and limited accessibility of advanced genetic therapies?
a beneficence
b autonomy
c justice
d non-maleficence

Explanation:

1. Justice focuses on fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens associated with genetic advancements. Autonomy is about self - determination, non - maleficence is about not causing harm, and beneficence is about doing good.
2. Genetic mutations are alterations or changes occurring in the sequence of nucleotides that make up an organism's DNA. Genetic selection is choosing specific genes, genetic variation is the diversity of genes, and genetic drift is a random change in gene frequency.
3. Males have the XY genetic composition in terms of sex chromosomes. Females have XX. YY and XYY are not the normal sex chromosome compositions for typical males.
4. When one nucleotide is replaced by another in the DNA sequence, it is a substitution mutation. Deletion mutation is the loss of a nucleotide, frameshift mutation is due to insertion or deletion (not substitution) causing a shift in the reading frame, and insertion mutation is the addition of a nucleotide.
5. The sugar - phosphate backbone forms the backbone of the DNA strand. Hydrogen bonds are between the nitrogenous bases (not the backbone), nitrogenous bases are part of the nucleotide but not the backbone, and covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases are not the backbone structure.
6. The genome is the complete set of genetic information present in an individual's DNA. A nucleotide is a building block of DNA, genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, and chromosomes are structures that contain DNA.
7. Justice is challenged by the high cost and limited accessibility of advanced genetic therapies. Autonomy is about individual choice, non - maleficence is about not harming, and beneficence is about providing benefits. Limited access due to cost is more related to justice (fair distribution).

Answer:

1. a. Justice
2. b. Genetic mutations
3. c. XY
4. d. Substitution mutation
5. c. Sugar - phosphate backbone
6. a. Genome
7. c. Justice