Question

1. under the system of feudalism, lords and kings could simply require their vassals to fight in their defense, and the knights were bound by chivalry to remain loyal. how did the city - states of the renaissance fund their wars?

they required each citizen to commit to several years of military service.
they forced their citizens to pay most of their wages in taxes.
they sold sections of the city to pay for weapons and soldiers.
they borrowed money from their citizens using bonds, then hired an army.

Explanation:

During the Renaissance, city - states often used financial instruments like bonds to borrow money from citizens. This was a more sophisticated and less coercive (compared to forced long - term military service or extreme taxation) way to raise funds. They then used these funds to hire professional armies, which was different from the feudal system of relying on vassals' loyalty. Selling city sections was not a common or practical way to fund wars as it would undermine the city - state's territorial integrity.

Answer:

They borrowed money from their citizens using bonds, then hired an army.