Question

a student is writing a paper and wants to use a shorter version of the sentences shown. which alteration keeps the meaning of the original?
tobacco smoke, you see, also contains another chemical, nicotine, which is highly addictive. basically, what happens is that a smokers brain makes physiological compensations to overcome the effects of nicotine, and once these adjustments are made the brain does not function normally without nicotine.
source: johnson, george. essentials of the living world. 4th ed., wcb-mcgraw, 2013.
o according to biologist george johnson, nicotine addiction is the reason many tobacco smokers keep smoking: \tobacco smoke... is highly addictive... a smokers brain makes physiological compensations to overcome the effects of nicotine, and once these adjustments are made the brain does not function normally...\ (200).
o according to biologist george johnson, nicotine addiction is the reason many tobacco smokers keep smoking: \tobacco smoke, you see, contains another chemical, nicotine..., and..., the brain does not function normally without nicotine\ (200).
o according to biologist george johnson, nicotine addiction is the reason many tobacco smokers keep smoking: \tobacco smoke... contains another chemical, nicotine, which is highly addictive..., a smokers brain makes physiological compensations... and does not function normally... \ (200).
o according to biologist george johnson, nicotine addiction is the reason many tobacco smokers keep smoking: \tobacco smoke... contains... nicotine, which is highly addictive..., a smokers brain makes physiological compensations to overcome the effects of nicotine, and... the brain then does not function normally without nicotine\ (200).

Explanation:

The original text emphasizes that tobacco smoke contains nicotine (highly addictive) and how the smoker's brain compensates for nicotine, leading to abnormal function without it. The fourth option accurately condenses this. The first option's quote truncation is incorrect as it cuts off the key part about the brain's compensation. The second option omits the key "highly addictive" description of nicotine. The third option has an incorrect structure in the quote - the "and" placement is wrong. The fourth option properly uses ellipses to shorten while keeping the meaning: it mentions nicotine's addiction, the brain's compensation (physiological compensations to overcome nicotine effects), and the brain's abnormal function without nicotine.

Answer:

According to biologist George Johnson, nicotine addiction is the reason many tobacco smokers keep smoking: "Tobacco smoke... contains... nicotine, which is highly addictive.... [A] smoker's brain makes physiological compensations to overcome the effects of nicotine, and... the brain [then] does not function normally without nicotine" (200).