Question

1. sep construct explanations tell how seeds are produced and spread in gymnosperms.

Explanation:

Gymnosperms are non - flowering plants. For seed production: Gymnosperms have male and female cones. Male cones produce pollen (male gametophytes) which contains sperm. Female cones have ovules (female gametophytes) with egg cells. Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred (usually by wind) to the female cone. After pollination, fertilization takes place where the sperm from the pollen fertilizes the egg in the ovule. The fertilized ovule then develops into a seed. The seed consists of an embryo, a food source (endosperm or from the female gametophyte), and a seed coat.

For seed spread: The seeds of gymnosperms are often spread by wind. Since the seeds are not enclosed in a fruit (as gymnosperms are "naked seed" plants), they can be carried long distances by air currents. Some gymnosperm seeds may also be spread by animals. For example, birds or small mammals may eat the seeds (or the cones containing seeds) and then disperse them through their feces, or they may carry the seeds to different locations while moving.

Answer:

• Seed Production in Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms have male and female cones. Male cones produce pollen (with sperm), female cones have ovules (with eggs). Wind - mediated pollination transfers pollen to female cones. Fertilization of the egg in the ovule occurs, and the fertilized ovule develops into a seed (with embryo, food source, and seed coat).
• Seed Spread in Gymnosperms: Seeds are often spread by wind (due to lack of fruit enclosure, seeds are light and wind - borne). Some are also spread by animals (e.g., animals eat seeds/cones and disperse them via feces or movement).