Question

question 13
the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is
relaxation.
constriction.
dilation.
no effect.
question 14
a reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a
muscle stretch.
muscle relaxation.
glandular secretion.
glandular excretion.
question 15
\fight or flight\ physiological changes include all of the following except
increased conversion of glycogen to glucose.
constriction of respiratory airways.
increased perspiration.
dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.

Explanation:

Question 13

The sympathetic nervous system relaxes the urinary bladder. It does this by inhibiting contraction of the detrusor muscle (which is responsible for bladder contraction during urination) and promoting relaxation.

A reflex is an involuntary, automatic response. It can result in a muscle contraction (e.g., knee - jerk reflex) or a glandular secretion (e.g., salivary reflex when seeing food). Muscle stretch is a stimulus for some reflexes (like the stretch reflex), not an outcome. Muscle relaxation is not a typical direct outcome of a simple reflex in the same sense as contraction or glandular secretion. Glandular excretion is not the standard term for what reflexes cause in glands (secretion is more appropriate).

During the "fight or flight" response:

• There is increased conversion of glycogen to glucose (to provide energy).
• There is increased perspiration (as part of the body's stress response).
• There is dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles (to supply more oxygen and nutrients to muscles for action).
• However, the respiratory airways dilate (not constrict) to allow more air intake for increased oxygen supply.

Answer:

relaxation.

Question 14