Question

patient 13: 44 y/o female in a severe car crash. patient is currently comatose.
are these bones axial, appendicular, or both?
if it is a fracture, what type?
if it is not a fracture, what is the injury?
list all of the bones present.
what are the abnormal findings?
what may have caused this abnormality?
patient 14: 29 y/o male experiencing hand pain after attempting to break a board with his hand during a martial arts exhibition
are these bones axial, appendicular, or both?
if it is a fracture, what type?
if it is not a fracture, what is the injury?
list all of the bones present.
what are the abnormal findings?
what may have caused this abnormality?

Explanation:

For Patient 13 (pelvic X - ray):

• Bones type: The pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) and potentially sacrum (axial) are present. The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis), and the axial skeleton includes the sacrum. So the bones are both axial (sacrum) and appendicular (pelvic girdle bones).
• Fracture type/injury: Given the car crash, likely a pelvic fracture (e.g., acetabular or pelvic ring fracture).
• Bones present: Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum (possibly coccyx too).
• Abnormal findings: Fracture lines in pelvic bones, displacement of pelvic structures.
• Cause: Severe impact from car crash.

For Patient 14 (hand X - ray):

• Bones type: Hand bones are part of the appendicular skeleton (phalanges, metacarpals, carpals).
• Fracture type/injury: Likely a fracture of phalanges or metacarpals (e.g., comminuted or transverse fracture) from the impact of breaking the board.
• Bones present: Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), metacarpals, carpals (e.g., trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform).
• Abnormal findings: Fracture lines in hand bones, possible displacement.
• Cause: High - impact force from attempting to break the board.

Answer:

Patient 13

• Are these bones axial, appendicular, or both? Both (axial: sacrum; appendicular: ilium, ischium, pubis)
• If it is a fracture, what type? If it is not a fracture, what is the injury? Pelvic fracture (e.g., acetabular fracture)
• List ALL of the bones present. Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum (and possibly coccyx)
• What are the abnormal findings? Fracture lines, displaced pelvic bones
• What may have caused this abnormality? Severe car crash impact

Patient 14

• Are these bones axial, appendicular, or both? Appendicular (phalanges, metacarpals, carpals)
• If it is a fracture, what type? If it is not a fracture, what is the injury? Fracture of phalanges/metacarpals (e.g., comminuted fracture)
• List ALL of the bones present. Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), metacarpals, carpals (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform)
• What are the abnormal findings? Fracture lines in hand bones, possible displacement
• What may have caused this abnormality? Impact from breaking the board