Question

part 1. matching match the evidence to its example/description. write your answer in the provided space.

1. direct observation/resistance
2. vestigial structures
3. homologous structures
4. embryology
5. artificial selection
6. molecular (dna & proteins)
7. fossil evidence
8. transitional fossils

a. archaeopteryx and tiktaalik remains both demonstrate significant evolutionary changes for life on earth.
b. comparing similarities in fetus development of various organisms.
c. cytochrome c amino acid sequences can be examined in different species to determine their relatedness.
d. many antibiotics and pesticides are no longer as effective as they once were.
e. the bones of the arm in humans, cats, bat wings and whale fins all have the same basic lay out.
f. structures in current organisms that no longer serve a function such as the pelvic bone in whales and snakes.
g. humans have domesticated dogs to be pets and furthermore have bred them to have specific traits by subspecies.
h. looking at remains found in different layers of the earth to determine what life was like millions of years ago and how life has evolved over time.
part 2. multiple choice choose the best option. write your answer in the provided space.

1. a population of iguanas with variation in their coloring (light gray, bright green, and dark green) are nearly wiped out due to a hurricane that hit their island. the surviving smaller population was mostly dark green in color, just by chance. which mechanism of evolution is this an example of?

a. genetic drift/small population
b. gene flow
c. sexual selection/non-random mating
d. mutations

Explanation:

1. Direct Observation/Resistance: Antibiotics and pesticides losing effectiveness (d) is an example of observing evolution in action (bacteria/pests evolving resistance).
2. Vestigial Structures: Pelvic bone in whales and snakes (f) are structures that no longer serve a major function in current organisms.
3. Homologous Structures: Similar bone layout in human arms, cat legs, bat wings, and whale fins (e) show common ancestry.
4. Embryology: Comparing fetus development (b) as embryos of different organisms show similarities that hint at evolutionary relationships.
5. Artificial Selection: Humans breeding dogs for specific traits (g) is a form of artificial selection where humans control the breeding process.
6. Molecular (DNA & Proteins): Cytochrome C amino - acid sequences (c) can be used to determine relatedness as similar molecular sequences indicate closer evolutionary relationships.
7. Fossil Evidence: Looking at remains in Earth's layers (h) to study past life forms and evolution over time.
8. Transitional Fossils: Archaeopteryx and Tiktaalik (a) are transitional fossils that show evolutionary changes (Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds; Tiktaalik between fish and land - dwelling vertebrates).

For the multiple - choice question:

• Genetic drift/small population: A hurricane (random event) drastically reducing a population (iguana) and changing the allele frequencies (mostly dark green left) is an example of genetic drift (a). Genetic drift is more pronounced in small populations.
• Gene flow involves the transfer of genes between populations, which is not the case here.
• Sexual selection/non - random mating would involve mating preferences based on certain traits, not a random event like a hurricane.
• Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence, and there is no indication of new mutations causing the color change in the surviving population.

Answer:

1. d
2. f
3. e
4. b
5. g
6. c
7. h
8. a
9. a. Genetic drift/small population