Question

1. maharana pratap was a majestic ruler. discuss.
2. describe chhatrapati shivaji maharaj as one of the great king.

ch. - 4 medieval architecture, cities, merchants and craftsmen.
♦ fill in the blanks.

1. a person who is proficient in architecture is called an ______________.
2. the best specimen of mughal architecture ,taj mahal is built by ______________.
3. ______________ is one of the twelve most sacred jyotirlingas in india.
4. the city of ahmedabad was established by ______________.

♦ state whether the following statements are true or false.

1. capital of vijaynagar was hampi.
2. world famous merchants like malik vora and virji gopi lived in surat.
3. diu, daman, goa, mumbai, chennai, puducherry, kochi developed with the arrival of european companies.
4. the pride of gujarat is garba which is associated with worship and praise of goddess shakti.
5. the patola work done by ladies of bhavnagar is in great demand, all over the world.

♦ answer the following questions in one word.

1. by which other name is sun temple of konark known?
2. with the help of which tools is sculpture made ?
3. where is somnath temple located?
4. which garden is developed in the middle of kankaria lake?

♦ answer the following questions in one sentence.

1. who built the rani ni vav and where?
2. what is said about adi - kadi step - well?
3. name the book written by sarangdev of devgiri and haripal dev of gujarat.
4. what is the speciality of temples of south india?
5. which fort of kumbhalgarh and chittod are important pieces of hindu architecture during medieval time?

♦ explain following terms.

1. hudo
2. gopuram

♦ give reasons.

1. sun temple of konark is also known as black pagoda.
2. hampi was a major centre of trade and commerce.

♦ write short note on:

1. rudra mahalaya
2. navratri garba festival
3. urbanization during medieval period

ch.-11 components of the environment and interrelationships
♦ fill in the blanks.

1. ______ is the only planet in the solar system which has natural environment.
2. high tides are formed by ______ or storm.
3. man - made environment is also known as ______________ environment.

♦ state whether the following statements are true or false.

1. the main source of fresh water is ocean.
2. the time interval between two tides is 15 hours.
3. tides occurs on the earth due to gravitational force of jupiter and saturn.
4. in the pacific ocean there is a trench which is 10 to 11 kms deep.
5. man does excavation in lithosphere to obtain minerals.

♦ answer the following questions in one word.

1. environment is made up of how many components?
2. how many times a day does the sea - level rises and falls ?
3. what is the phenomenon of rising and falling of sea called?
4. what is unnecessary, excessive, unbearable sound known as?

♦ explain the following terms.

1. biosphere
2. atmosphere
3. hydrosphere

♦ answer the following questions in two to three sentences.

1. what are the reasons of land pollution?
2. what are the causes of air pollution?
3. what are the measures to prevent water pollution?
4. due to which pollutants air pollution increases?
5. write adverse effects of noise pollution.

♦ give reasons.

Answer:

Ch. - 4 Medieval Architecture, Cities, Merchants and Craftsmen

Fill in the blanks

1. Architect
2. Shah Jahan
3. Somnath Temple
4. Ahmad Shah

True - False

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

One - word answers

1. Black Pagoda
2. Chisels
3. Gujarat
4. Nagina Wadi

One - sentence answers

1. Rani Udaymati built Rani ni Vav in Patan.
2. Adi - Kadi Step - Well is an example of fine architecture and engineering.
3. Sarangdev wrote 'Sangeet Ratnakar' and Haripal Dev wrote 'Haripal Nartak'.
4. The temples of South India are known for their towering gopurams and elaborate sculptures.
5. Kumbhalgarh Fort and Chittorgarh Fort are important pieces of Hindu architecture during the Medieval time.

Explain terms

1. Hudo: There is not enough context provided to give a proper explanation. It might be a local or less - known term.
2. Gopuram: A gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornately decorated, at the entrance of a Hindu temple in South India.

Give reasons

1. Sun temple of Konark is also known as Black Pagoda because of its dark color and its ability to absorb heat, also due to its massive structure which resembled a pagoda to the European sailors.
2. Hampi was a major centre of trade and commerce as it was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, had a strategic location, and was rich in minerals and agricultural produce.

Short notes

1. Rudra Mahalaya: There is not enough context provided to write a detailed short - note. It might be a temple or a place related to Lord Shiva (Rudra).
2. Navratri Garba Festival: Navratri is a nine - day festival dedicated to Goddess Durga. Garba is a traditional dance form performed during Navratri in Gujarat. People dance around an earthen lamp (deep) in a circular formation, celebrating the victory of good over evil.
3. Urbanization during medieval period: During the medieval period, urbanization was driven by factors such as trade, the growth of religious and administrative centres, and the arrival of European companies. Cities like Surat, Ahmedabad, and Hampi flourished due to trade activities. Temples and forts also attracted people, leading to the growth of nearby urban areas.

Ch. - 11 Components of the Environment and Interrelationships

Fill in the blanks

1. Earth
2. Strong winds
3. Anthropogenic

True - False

1. False (The main source of fresh water is rivers, lakes, glaciers, etc., not the ocean)
2. False (The time interval between two tides is about 12 hours and 25 minutes)
3. False (Tides occur on the earth due to the gravitational force of the Moon and the Sun)
4. True
5. True

One - word answers

1. Four (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere)
2. Twice
3. Tides
4. Noise pollution

Explain terms

1. Biosphere: The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It includes all living organisms on Earth, as well as the environments in which they live, such as land, water, and air.
2. Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It is composed mainly of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), along with trace amounts of other gases. It protects the Earth from harmful radiation, regulates temperature, and provides the air we breathe.
3. Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere encompasses all water on Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and ice. It plays a crucial role in the water cycle and supports life on Earth.

Two - three sentences answers

1. Reasons of land pollution: Land pollution is caused by industrial waste disposal, improper waste management (such as dumping of garbage), agricultural activities (use of pesticides and fertilizers), and deforestation.
2. Causes of air pollution: Air pollution is caused by industrial emissions (such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter), vehicular exhausts, burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), and agricultural practices (burning of crop residues).
3. Measures to prevent water pollution: To prevent water pollution, industries should treat their waste water before discharging it, sewage treatment plants should be properly maintained, and the use of non - biodegradable materials near water bodies should be restricted. Also, proper waste management and conservation of wetlands can help in preventing water pollution.
4. Pollutants due to which air pollution increases: Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and volatile organic compounds increase air pollution. These are mainly emitted from industrial sources, vehicles, and burning of fuels.
5. Adverse effects of noise pollution: Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, and reduced productivity. It can also have negative impacts on wildlife, affecting their communication and behavior.