Question

in the invention of tradition, historian hugh trevor - roper argues that what tourists now purchase as emblems of timeless scottish heritage—clan tartans, ceremonial kilts—emerged from nineteenth - century commercial and romantic interests, largely ____ from medieval custom. according to trevor - roper, regional highland dress became a pan - scottish national symbol only after lowland elites embraced it during the romantic era.
2
mark for review
which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
a confined to
b reconstituted as
c independent of
d antecedent to

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze the context: Trevor - Roper argues that these Scottish heritage emblems (clan tartans, ceremonial kilts) came from 19th - century commercial and romantic interests. So we need a phrase that shows they were not derived from medieval custom.

• Option A "confined to" means restricted to, which doesn't fit the context of origin.
• Option B "reconstituted as" implies being re - formed into, which is not about the relationship with medieval custom.
• Option C "independent of" means not related to or not derived from, which fits the idea that these emblems came from 19th - century interests and not medieval custom.
• Option D "antecedent to" means coming before, but the text says they emerged in the 19th century, so they can't be before medieval custom.

Answer:

C. independent of