Question

independent assortment of chromosomes
random fertilization of egg and sperm
mitosis
crossing over

Explanation:

• Independent assortment of chromosomes: Occurs during meiosis. It refers to the random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs into daughter cells. In the given diagrams, the different arrangements of chromosome pairs (blue - blue and red - red in one case and blue - red and red - blue in another) show how chromosomes assort independently.
• Random fertilization of egg and sperm: This process occurs after gametes (sperm and egg) are formed. It is about the random combination of a sperm and an egg during fertilization, which is not depicted in these diagrams that focus on chromosome arrangements before gamete formation.
• Mitosis: Is a process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. In mitosis, the chromosome content of daughter cells is identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutations), and there is no such re - arrangement of chromosome pairs as shown in the diagrams (which is characteristic of meiosis - related processes like independent assortment).
• Crossing over: Involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. The diagrams do not show the exchange of segments between chromosomes (which is the key feature of crossing over), but rather the different arrangements of whole chromosome pairs.

Answer:

Independent assortment of chromosomes