Question

1. heartburn is caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus and is one of the first symptoms of which chronic disease?

a. gastritis
b. cirrhosis
c. gerd (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
d. cholelithiasis

1. the ring of smooth muscle fibers that closes once the bolus enters the stomach to prevent regurgitation is the: 8

a. pyloric sphincter
b. ileocecal valve
c. internal anal sphincter
d. gastroesophageal sphincter

1. what is the stomachs key role in chemical digestion, facilitated by the enzyme pepsin? 9

a. digestion of carbohydrates
b. digestion of proteins
c. digestion of fats
d. digestion of vitamins

1. by the end of its time in the stomach, the partially digested food becomes a slushy, pulpy acidic fluid called: 10

a. bolus
b. bile
c. gastric acid
d. chyme

1. what is the condition called when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed, often resulting from a reduction of the protective mucus layer or a bacterial infection like h. pylori? 11111111

a. gastritis
b. hepatitis
c. cirrhosis
d. diverticulitis

1. what is the key role of the liver in the digestive system?

a. storing glycogen and vitamins
b. filtering blood from the gi tract
c. producing bile needed to digest fatty foods
d. processing and eliminating toxins

Explanation:

1. GERD is caused by stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus, which is what heartburn is. Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, cirrhosis is liver - related, and cholelithiasis is gallstones.
2. The gastroesophageal sphincter closes when the bolus enters the stomach to prevent regurgitation. The pyloric sphincter controls passage from stomach to small intestine, ileocecal valve from small to large intestine, and internal anal sphincter is at the anus.
3. Pepsin in the stomach helps digest proteins. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth (amylase), fat digestion is more in the small intestine (with bile and lipase), and vitamin digestion is not a main role of pepsin.
4. Chyme is the semi - fluid, acidic, partially digested food in the stomach. A bolus is the food mass before entering the stomach, bile is from the liver, and gastric acid is just one component of the stomach contents.
5. Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. Hepatitis is liver inflammation, cirrhosis is liver scarring, and diverticulitis is related to the colon.
6. The key role of the liver in the digestive system is producing bile for fat digestion. Storing glycogen and vitamins, filtering blood, and processing toxins are also liver functions but not the key digestive - system role.

Answer:

1. C. GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
2. D. Gastroesophageal sphincter
3. B. Digestion of proteins
4. D. Chyme
5. A. Gastritis
6. C. Producing bile needed to digest fatty foods