Question

functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. identify the exception.

regulation of blood protein levels
maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
homeostatic regulation of blood ph
regulation of extracellular fluid volume
regulation of blood osmolarity

question 29
1 pts
which of the following prevents both blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?

the formation of blood clots
cell - mediated immunity
humoral immunity
phagocytosis

Explanation:

First Question (Kidney Functions):

Kidneys regulate ion balance (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺), blood pH (via H⁺/HCO₃⁻ handling), extracellular fluid volume (by controlling water reabsorption), and blood osmolarity (by balancing solutes and water). Blood protein levels are mainly regulated by the liver (synthesis) and gastrointestinal/urinary systems (loss, but kidneys don’t regulate protein levels directly; they prevent protein loss in urine, not regulate overall levels). So "regulation of blood protein levels" is the exception.

Blood clot formation (hemostasis) stops blood loss (vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation) and clots trap pathogens, preventing invasion. Cell - mediated immunity (T - cells) fights infected cells, humoral immunity (antibodies) neutralizes pathogens in fluid, phagocytosis is for engulfing pathogens. Only blood clots address both blood loss and pathogen invasion.

Answer:

regulation of blood protein levels

Second Question (Vertebrate Blood Loss/Pathogen Prevention):