doesnt have to follow all the laws.\
1) explain in a paragraph or two, what happened in france following the execution of king louis.
2) what were the main causes of the reign of terror?
3) approximately what percentage of those guillotined were nobles and clergy?
4) look at sources 1 - 5 and at the information on the committee for public safety. do you think the system of tribunals in france was fair? explain why, giving examples from each source.
5) using sources 4 and 5, and the information on the terror continuing, what examples of particular horrors are there? explain at least 3, in full.
6) how and why do you think the terror came to an end?
7) was robespierre to blame for the terror? answer in a short paragraph, using the sources the information and the fact file on robespierre.

Question

Accepted Answer

### Sub - question 1
# Brief Explanations:
After the execution of King Louis XVI in January 1793, France faced multiple challenges. Internally, the revolution became more radical. The Jacobins, led by figures like Robespierre, gained more power. There was a struggle for control among different revolutionary factions. Externally, France was at war with many European monarchies who wanted to restore the monarchy in France. Domestically, there were counter - revolutionary uprisings in regions like the Vendée. The Committee of Public Safety was established to deal with these crises, and this period saw the beginning of the Reign of Terror as the government tried to suppress opposition, both real and perceived, through extreme measures like the use of the guillotine.
# Answer:
After King Louis XVI's execution in 1793, France became more radical internally. The Jacobins rose, and the Committee of Public Safety was formed. Externally, France fought European monarchies, and internally, counter - revolutionary uprisings (e.g., in Vendée) occurred. The Reign of Terror began as the government suppressed opposition with extreme measures like the guillotine.

### Sub - question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The main causes of the Reign of Terror were multi - faceted. Firstly, the external threat: France was at war with several European countries that aimed to restore the French monarchy, creating a sense of national emergency. Secondly, internal opposition: there were counter - revolutionary groups, both from the nobility who wanted to regain their privileges and from more moderate revolutionaries who disagreed with the radical direction. Thirdly, the political struggle within the revolution: the Jacobins, led by Robespierre, wanted to consolidate power and saw the use of terror as a way to eliminate enemies of the revolution. Also, the economic crisis in France, with food shortages and high prices, led to social unrest, and the government used terror to maintain control over the population.
# Answer:
The main causes of the 'Reign of Terror' included external threats (war with European monarchies to restore the French monarchy), internal counter - revolutionary opposition (from nobles and moderate revolutionaries), political power struggles (Jacobins' bid for control), and economic crisis (food shortages, high prices) leading to social unrest that the government tried to control via terror.

### Sub - question 3
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Recall the historical data
Historically, approximately 15% of those guillotined during the Reign of Terror were nobles and clergy. The vast majority (around 85%) were commoners, including those who were seen as opponents of the radical revolutionary government, such as peasants, workers, and members of the middle class who were suspected of counter - revolutionary activities.
## Step 2: Confirm the percentage
Based on historical records, the percentage of nobles and clergy among those guillotined is approximately 15%.
# Answer:
Approximately 15% of those guillotined were nobles and clergy.

### Sub - question 4
# Brief Explanations:
To determine if the system of Tribunals in France was fair, we analyze the sources (assuming sources describe aspects like: Source 1 - shows arbitrary arrests, Source 2 - lack of proper legal defense, Source 3 - guilt by association, Source 4 - high - profile executions of non - criminals, Source 5 - bias against certain groups). For example, if Source 1 says people were arrested without evidence, Source 2 shows no right to counsel, Source 3 says relatives of suspects were also punished, then the tribunals were unfair. The Committee for Public Safety had broad powers, and tribunals often acted on suspicion. Many people, including innocent ones, were executed. For instance, if a source shows a cobbler was guillotined for saying something critical of the government without a fair trial, that's an example of unfairness.
# Answer:
The system of Tribunals in France was not fair. For example, if Source 1 shows arbitrary arrests (no evidence), Source 2 shows no legal defense, and Source 3 shows guilt by association (relatives of suspects punished), these show unfairness. The tribunals acted on suspicion, and the Committee for Public Safety's broad powers led to many innocent people (e.g., a cobbler for critical speech) being executed without a just trial.

### Sub - question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Using sources 4 and 5 (assuming they detail horrors): 1. Mass executions in cities like Lyon: Whole neighborhoods were targeted, and people were guillotined or shot en masse, even if they had no real counter - revolutionary actions. 2. The Vendée uprising suppression: Peasants in the Vendée who were loyal to the old order or just wanted to protect their local traditions were massacred. Entire villages were destroyed, and women and children were not spared. 3. Execution of the Girondins: These were moderate revolutionaries who disagreed with the Jacobins' radicalism. They were executed without a fair trial, showing the terror extended to political opponents within the revolution.
# Answer:
Examples of 'horrors' include: 1. Mass executions in Lyon: Whole neighborhoods were targeted, with people guillotined/shot en masse, often without just cause. 2. Vendée uprising suppression: Peasants (including women/children) in Vendée, who were loyal to old orders or local traditions, were massacred, and villages were destroyed. 3. Execution of Girondins: Moderate revolutionaries were executed without a fair trial for opposing Jacobin radicalism.

### Sub - question 6
# Brief Explanations:
The Terror came to an end for several reasons. Firstly, the external threat diminished as France's military situation improved. The French army, under new leadership and with revolutionary fervor, was able to repel the foreign invaders. Secondly, the internal opposition to the Terror grew. The excesses of the Terror, like the execution of popular figures and the random targeting of people, led to a loss of support for the radical Jacobins. Figures like Robespierre became too powerful and were seen as a threat by other revolutionaries. The Thermidorian Reaction occurred in July 1794, when members of the National Convention turned against Robespierre and had him executed. This event marked the end of the Reign of Terror as the new government (the Directory - in the making) wanted to move away from the extreme measures and establish a more moderate form of government.
# Answer:
The Terror ended because: 1. External threat lessened (French army repelled invaders). 2. Internal opposition to Terror grew (excesses lost support for Jacobins). 3. Thermidorian Reaction (July 1794): National Convention members turned on Robespierre, executed him. The new government (moving toward Directory) wanted a more moderate rule, ending extreme terror measures.

### Sub - question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Robespierre can be partially blamed for the Terror. He was a key leader of the Jacobins and the Committee of Public Safety. He advocated for the use of terror as a means to protect the revolution, saying it was a "necessary evil" to eliminate enemies. Under his leadership, the Committee of Public Safety issued decrees that led to the execution of thousands, including many innocent people. However, he was also a product of the times - the external and internal threats to the revolution were real, and the radicalization of the revolution was a collective process. But his role in promoting and implementing the terror policies, like the Law of Suspects (which allowed arbitrary arrests), makes him a major figure to blame. Sources on Robespierre show his support for extreme measures, and the fact file on him likely details his leadership during the Terror.
# Answer:
Robespierre can be blamed for the Terror. As a Jacobin leader and head of the Committee of Public Safety, he promoted terror as a means to protect the revolution. He supported decrees (e.g., Law of Suspects) that led to arbitrary arrests and executions of thousands, including innocents. While external/internal threats existed, his leadership in implementing extreme terror policies (e.g., justifying mass executions) makes him a major figure to blame, though he was also a product of the revolutionary times.

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Question

Explanation:

Sub - question 1

Step 1: Recall the historical data

Step 2: Confirm the percentage

Answer:

Sub - question 2