Question

a disadvantage of individual brands is that they may
contaminate each other.
be associated with one-of-a-kind benefits.
prevent companies from reaching different markets.
require more promotion.
question 13
whenever possible, an effective brand name should always be
short and memorable.
multiple syllables and flashy.
related to other brands.
unrelated to product features.

Explanation:

First Question (Disadvantage of individual brands)

• "Contaminate each other" is not a typical disadvantage of individual brands (individual brands are separate, so contamination between them is less likely).
• "Be associated with one - of - a - kind benefits" is an advantage, not a disadvantage.
• "Prevent companies from reaching different markets" is incorrect as individual brands can help target different markets.
• Individual brands, as each brand is promoted separately, do require more promotion compared to family brands where promotion can be more consolidated. So the correct option is "require more promotion".

• An effective brand name should be short and memorable to be easily recalled by consumers.
• "Multiple syllables and flashy" makes the brand name harder to remember.
• A brand name doesn't need to be "related to other brands" and being "unrelated to product features" is not a characteristic of an effective brand name (ideally, it should have some relation or at least be easy to connect to the product). So the correct option is "short and memorable".

Answer:

D. require more promotion (assuming the options are labeled A to D in order: A. contaminate each other, B. be associated with one - of - a - kind benefits, C. prevent companies from reaching different markets, D. require more promotion)

Second Question (Effective brand name)