4. describe the structure of dna.
5. what are nucleotides and what do are they made up of?
6. what makes up the dna’s backbone?
7. what does the sequence of base pairs determine?
8. where is dna found in eukaryotic cells?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
DNA has a double - helix structure. It consists of two long strands of nucleotides. The strands are antiparallel, meaning they run in opposite directions. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds, and the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine - thymine and guanine - cytosine).
# Answer:
DNA has a double - helix structure with two antiparallel nucleotide strands. Strands are linked by phosphodiester bonds, and held by H - bonds between complementary bases (A - T, G - C).

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). A nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogen - containing base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine in DNA; adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine in RNA), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group.
# Answer:
Nucleotides are nucleic acid building blocks. They consist of a nitrogen - containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating deoxyribose sugar molecules and phosphate groups. These are connected by phosphodiester bonds, forming a long chain. The nitrogen - containing bases are attached to the deoxyribose sugar and project towards the interior of the double helix.
# Answer:
DNA's backbone is made of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, linked by phosphodiester bonds.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The sequence of base pairs in DNA determines the genetic information. Specifically, it determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins during the process of transcription and translation. Different sequences of base pairs code for different proteins, which in turn determine the traits and functions of an organism.
# Answer:
The sequence of base pairs determines the amino acid sequence of proteins (genetic information for traits/functions).

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is mainly found in the nucleus. It is organized into structures called chromosomes. Additionally, a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (and in chloroplasts of plant cells) as these organelles have their own genetic material.
# Answer:
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is mainly in the nucleus (in chromosomes). Small amounts are in mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plants).

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