Question

1. describe how vaccines work. give an example.
2. describe how antitoxins work. give an example.

Explanation:

Sub - question 2:

Vaccines work by introducing a weakened, inactivated, or a part of a pathogen (or its genetic material) into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. For example, the measles vaccine contains weakened measles virus. When administered, the immune system recognizes it as foreign, mounts an immune response (producing antibodies against measles virus and creating memory B and T cells). If the person is later exposed to the actual measles virus, the memory cells quickly activate, and the immune system can rapidly produce antibodies to neutralize the virus, preventing or reducing the severity of the disease.

Antitoxins are antibodies that neutralize toxins produced by bacteria. For example, in cases of diphtheria, the diphtheria toxin is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria antitoxin (an antibody) can bind to the diphtheria toxin, neutralizing it so that it can no longer harm the body's cells. This helps in treating the disease by counteracting the effects of the bacterial toxin.

Answer:

Vaccines introduce a form of a pathogen (weakened, inactivated, or a part/genetic material) to stimulate the immune system to make antibodies and memory cells. Example: Measles vaccine (contains weakened measles virus; immune system responds, and memory cells protect against future measles infection).

Sub - question 3: