cells divide and reproduce in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells developing from one parent cell. in humans, each cell created by mitosis will have 46 chromosomes. the purpose of mitosis is the creation of identical cells that are used by the body as needed for growth, repair, and replacement of already existing cells. meiosis is the division of a cell that results in the production of 4 sex cells (egg or sperm cells) from one parent cell. in humans, each cell created by meiosis will have only 23 chromosomes. the chromosomes created by meiosis are genetically different than their parent cells because of crossing over of chromosomes. the end result of meiosis is the creation of the male and female sex cells. these sex cells are combined to create a new genetically different offspring.

parts of mitosis
cells going through mitosis go through the following 3 stages of the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. interphase: dna makes a copy of itself. mitosis part 1: prophase, the long strands of dna will wind into chromosomes. mitosis part 2: metaphase, chromosomes travel to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell begins to divide in half. mitosis part 3: anaphase, chromosomes split in half and travel to opposite ends of the cell, have the same number of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis: the cell divides in half, and each half will have two cells, and the cells pinch off from each other. cell division by mitosis is complete, starting with one parent cell and ending with 2 identical daughter cells.

parts of meiosis
cells going through meiosis go through the following two sets of cell divisions before and complete. interphase, meiosis, and cytokinesis. cells going through meiosis will have two sets of cell divisions called meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
1. dna makes a copy of itself. meiosis 1 prophase 1: dna winds into chromosomes before and crossing over occurs. meiosis 1 metaphase 1: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. meiosis 1 anaphase 1: chromosomes split in half and move to opposite ends of the cell. meiosis 1 telophase 1: the cell divides in half and each half gets equal numbers of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis 1: the cell is divided between the two cells. cell division of meiosis 1 is complete, it started with one parent cell and ended up with two daughter cells that are not identical by mitosis and is complete. meiosis 2 prophase 2: dna winds into chromosomes. meiosis 2 metaphase 2: dna does not make a copy of itself. meiosis 2 anaphase 2: chromosomes split in half and travel to opposite ends of the cell. meiosis 2 telophase 2: the cell divides in half and each half gets equal numbers of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis 2: the cytoplasm is divided between the four new daughter cells. each of the four cells has 23 chromosomes, and each cell is a different genetic combination than the other 4 cells, and the parent cell that it came from.

meiosis and genetic diversity
meiosis is increased by the process of sexual reproduction (the creation of sperm and egg cells). offspring created by meiosis are genetically different (mitosis) are genetically identical to their parent, but the sex cells created by meiosis are generally different than their parent cells. the sperm and egg cell each contain a set of 23 chromosomes. after the initial fertilization created by meiosis only have one set of chromosomes, two sex cells are required to make one complete set. since cells created by meiosis only have one set of chromosomes, two sex cells are required to make a complete set of genes from both parents. any human offspring will inherit a combination of genes from both the total number of different parents.
the offspring will inherit a combination of chromosomes 23 times, random assortment goes on as each sperm cell is made. when a sperm fertilizes an egg the resulting zygote contains a combination of genes arranged in an order that is different and unique than the cells that came before it.

crossing over in meiosis
when the chromosomes are in prophase 1 of meiosis, they will go through a process called crossing over. the homologous (same) chromosomes will pair up together, become attached to each other, and exchange dna with each other in a process called crossing over. the chromosomes break off and reconnect to the other homologous chromosome’s end piece. the newly recombined chromosomes will have a set of genetic material that is not identical to the chromosome that it started with. this is called genetic recombination.

thinking questions
1. how many chromosomes are present in cells created by mitosis? how many in cells created by meiosis?
mitosis = 2
meiosis = 4
2. what are the names of the four stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
3. what are the names of the eight stages of meiosis?
prophase1, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, prophase2, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2
4. cells created by mitosis are genetically ____ than the parent cell, and cells created by meiosis are genetically ____ to the parent cell.
5. what is crossing over?

Question

cells divide and reproduce in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells developing from one parent cell. in humans, each cell created by mitosis will have 46 chromosomes. the purpose of mitosis is the creation of identical cells that are used by the body as needed for growth, repair, and replacement of already existing cells. meiosis is the division of a cell that results in the production of 4 sex cells (egg or sperm cells) from one parent cell. in humans, each cell created by meiosis will have only 23 chromosomes. the chromosomes created by meiosis are genetically different than their parent cells because of crossing over of chromosomes. the end result of meiosis is the creation of the male and female sex cells. these sex cells are combined to create a new genetically different offspring.

parts of mitosis
cells going through mitosis go through the following 3 stages of the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. interphase: dna makes a copy of itself. mitosis part 1: prophase, the long strands of dna will wind into chromosomes. mitosis part 2: metaphase, chromosomes travel to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell begins to divide in half. mitosis part 3: anaphase, chromosomes split in half and travel to opposite ends of the cell, have the same number of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis: the cell divides in half, and each half will have two cells, and the cells pinch off from each other. cell division by mitosis is complete, starting with one parent cell and ending with 2 identical daughter cells.

parts of meiosis
cells going through meiosis go through the following two sets of cell divisions before and complete. interphase, meiosis, and cytokinesis. cells going through meiosis will have two sets of cell divisions called meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.
1. dna makes a copy of itself. meiosis 1 prophase 1: dna winds into chromosomes before and crossing over occurs. meiosis 1 metaphase 1: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. meiosis 1 anaphase 1: chromosomes split in half and move to opposite ends of the cell. meiosis 1 telophase 1: the cell divides in half and each half gets equal numbers of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis 1: the cell is divided between the two cells. cell division of meiosis 1 is complete, it started with one parent cell and ended up with two daughter cells that are not identical by mitosis and is complete. meiosis 2 prophase 2: dna winds into chromosomes. meiosis 2 metaphase 2: dna does not make a copy of itself. meiosis 2 anaphase 2: chromosomes split in half and travel to opposite ends of the cell. meiosis 2 telophase 2: the cell divides in half and each half gets equal numbers of chromosomes and organelles. cytokinesis 2: the cytoplasm is divided between the four new daughter cells. each of the four cells has 23 chromosomes, and each cell is a different genetic combination than the other 4 cells, and the parent cell that it came from.

meiosis and genetic diversity
meiosis is increased by the process of sexual reproduction (the creation of sperm and egg cells). offspring created by meiosis are genetically different (mitosis) are genetically identical to their parent, but the sex cells created by meiosis are generally different than their parent cells. the sperm and egg cell each contain a set of 23 chromosomes. after the initial fertilization created by meiosis only have one set of chromosomes, two sex cells are required to make one complete set. since cells created by meiosis only have one set of chromosomes, two sex cells are required to make a complete set of genes from both parents. any human offspring will inherit a combination of genes from both the total number of different parents.
the offspring will inherit a combination of chromosomes 23 times, random assortment goes on as each sperm cell is made. when a sperm fertilizes an egg the resulting zygote contains a combination of genes arranged in an order that is different and unique than the cells that came before it.

crossing over in meiosis
when the chromosomes are in prophase 1 of meiosis, they will go through a process called crossing over. the homologous (same) chromosomes will pair up together, become attached to each other, and exchange dna with each other in a process called crossing over. the chromosomes break off and reconnect to the other homologous chromosome’s end piece. the newly recombined chromosomes will have a set of genetic material that is not identical to the chromosome that it started with. this is called genetic recombination.

thinking questions
1. how many chromosomes are present in cells created by mitosis? how many in cells created by meiosis?
mitosis = 2
meiosis = 4
2. what are the names of the four stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
3. what are the names of the eight stages of meiosis?
prophase1, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1, prophase2, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2
4. cells created by mitosis are genetically ____ than the parent cell, and cells created by meiosis are genetically ____ to the parent cell.
5. what is crossing over?

Accepted Answer

# Brief Explanations:
1. **Chromosome Count in Mitosis**: Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two daughter cells. Each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, the parent cell has 46 chromosomes. So, the number of chromosomes in cells created by mitosis is 46.
2. **Stages of Mitosis**: The four stages of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
3. **Chromosome Count in Meiosis**: Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four daughter cells. Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, the parent cell has 46 chromosomes. So, the number of chromosomes in cells created by meiosis is 23.
4. **Genetic Similarity in Mitosis vs. Meiosis**: Cells created by mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell. Cells created by meiosis are genetically different from the parent cell.
5. **Crossing Over**: Crossing over is a process that occurs during meiosis. It involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This results in genetic recombination.

# Answer:
1. 46
2. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
3. 23
4. Cells created by mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell; cells created by meiosis are genetically different from the parent cell.
5. Crossing over is a process that occurs during meiosis. It involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This results in genetic recombination.

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