answer the following questions to check your understanding of the lesson.

use the diagram to answer question 3.
3. the satellite in the diagram has gravitational potential energy because of which of the following? circle all that apply.
a. it has mass.
b. it is moving around earth.
c. it has height above earth’s surface.
d. it is attracted by gravity toward earth.

use the diagram to answer questions 4–6.
4. when the latch of the trebuchet system is released, gravity pulls the massive counterweight down. as the counterweight moves toward the ground, some of the potential energy of the system is transferred / transformed into kinetic energy. as the throwing arm pulls the sling, the sling applies a force to the payload and transfers / transforms energy to the payload.

5. which of the following would increase the amount of potential energy stored in the trebuchet system before it is launched? circle all that apply.
a. use a counterweight with a greater mass.
b. use a counterweight of the same mass but different shape.
c. use a counterweight with less mass.
d. raise the counterweight higher.

6. the trebuchet in the diagram has the least gravitational potential energy when it is in position a / b / c. here, the counterweight is at its highest / lowest position. to increase the trebuchet’s potential energy, the counterweight must be raised / lowered as in position a / b / c.

7. you are testing a water heater design. one criterion is that the water heater heat water to a temperature of 180 °f. during testing, you find that the water in the water heater reaches a temperature of 200 °f. what would you do next?
a. nothing. it is better for the water to be hotter.
b. change the criterion to match the test results.
c. reduce the amount of energy transferred to the water to decrease its temperature and satisfy the criterion.
d. modify the design to increase the water temperature as much as possible.

Question

answer the following questions to check your understanding of the lesson.

use the diagram to answer question 3.
3. the satellite in the diagram has gravitational potential energy because of which of the following? circle all that apply.
a. it has mass.
b. it is moving around earth.
c. it has height above earth’s surface.
d. it is attracted by gravity toward earth.

use the diagram to answer questions 4–6.
4. when the latch of the trebuchet system is released, gravity pulls the massive counterweight down. as the counterweight moves toward the ground, some of the potential energy of the system is transferred / transformed into kinetic energy. as the throwing arm pulls the sling, the sling applies a force to the payload and transfers / transforms energy to the payload.

5. which of the following would increase the amount of potential energy stored in the trebuchet system before it is launched? circle all that apply.
a. use a counterweight with a greater mass.
b. use a counterweight of the same mass but different shape.
c. use a counterweight with less mass.
d. raise the counterweight higher.

6. the trebuchet in the diagram has the least gravitational potential energy when it is in position a / b / c. here, the counterweight is at its highest / lowest position. to increase the trebuchet’s potential energy, the counterweight must be raised / lowered as in position a / b / c.

7. you are testing a water heater design. one criterion is that the water heater heat water to a temperature of 180 °f. during testing, you find that the water in the water heater reaches a temperature of 200 °f. what would you do next?
a. nothing. it is better for the water to be hotter.
b. change the criterion to match the test results.
c. reduce the amount of energy transferred to the water to decrease its temperature and satisfy the criterion.
d. modify the design to increase the water temperature as much as possible.

Accepted Answer

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
Gravitational potential energy ($PE_g = mgh$) depends on mass ($m$), gravity ($g$), and height ($h$) above a reference (Earth’s surface here). Also, the gravitational attraction (due to Earth’s gravity) is why the potential energy exists (as it’s energy due to position in a gravitational field).
- Option A: Mass is a factor in $PE_g$, so having mass is necessary.
- Option B: Motion (kinetic energy) isn’t required for potential energy; potential energy is about position, so B is incorrect.
- Option C: Height above Earth’s surface is part of $PE_g$ formula, so this is correct.
- Option D: The gravitational attraction (gravity pulling it) is the reason the potential energy (due to position in Earth’s gravitational field) exists, so this is correct.

# Answer: A. It has mass, C. It has height above Earth’s surface, D. It is attracted by gravity toward Earth

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
When the counterweight moves down, its potential energy (stored due to height) is **transformed** into kinetic energy (energy of motion) as energy changes form. When the sling applies a force to the payload, energy is **transferred** from the sling to the payload (energy moves from one object to another, not changing form here initially, but transferring).

# Answer: transformed; transfers

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Gravitational potential energy is $PE_g = mgh$. To increase $PE_g$, we can increase mass ($m$) or height ($h$).
- Option A: Greater mass ($m$ increases) → $PE_g$ increases. Correct.
- Option B: Shape doesn’t affect $m$ or $h$ → no change. Incorrect.
- Option C: Less mass → $PE_g$ decreases. Incorrect.
- Option D: Raising counterweight higher ($h$ increases) → $PE_g$ increases. Correct.

# Answer: A. Use a counterweight with a greater mass, D. Raise the counterweight higher

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
Gravitational potential energy $PE_g = mgh$ is least when height ($h$) is least (since $m$ and $g$ are constant). Position A is the lowest for the counterweight (so $h$ is smallest → $PE_g$ least). To increase $PE_g$, we need to increase $h$ (raise the counterweight), which happens in positions B or C (higher than A).

# Answer: A; lowest; raised; B (or C, depending on diagram—assuming B/C are higher than A)

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The criterion is to heat water to $180^\circ\text{F}$, but it reaches $200^\circ\text{F}$. We need to meet the criterion.
- Option A: Hotter isn’t better if the criterion is $180^\circ\text{F}$. Incorrect.
- Option B: Changing the criterion to match results is bad practice (criterion is a design goal). Incorrect.
- Option C: Reduce energy transfer to lower temperature to $180^\circ\text{F}$, meeting the criterion. Correct.
- Option D: Increasing temperature further moves away from the criterion. Incorrect.

# Answer: C. Reduce the amount of energy transferred to the water to decrease its temperature and satisfy the criterion.

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