Question

74 unit 2 · anatomy and physiology of the human body

1. describe why a joint may need to be replaced and the process for doing so.
2. describe causes for amputation and the need for prosthesis.

fill in the blank: use information from the chapter to fill in the blank space in the sentence.

1. the skeletal system is divided into sections. the axial skeleton is made up of the _, and _.
2. the appendicular skeleton is made up of the arms, hands, feet, legs, shoulders, and _.
3. the rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs that attach by cartilage strips to the _ anteriorly and to the _ posteriorly.
4. the top 10 pairs of ribs are attached both anteriorly and posteriorly. the bottom 2 pairs are attached only to the spinal column and are therefore called _.
5. the rib cage is also classified as having _ and _ ribs.
6. the primary function of the rib cage is to protect the _ and _.

Explanation:

1. The axial skeleton is made up of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
2. The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvic girdle in addition to the mentioned parts.
3. Ribs attach anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the vertebral column.
4. The bottom 2 pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.
5. Ribs are classified as true and false ribs.
6. The rib - cage protects the heart and lungs.
7. Joints may need replacement due to conditions like arthritis (wear - and - tear, autoimmune), injury, or congenital defects. The process generally involves pre - operative assessment, anesthesia, removal of damaged joint parts, insertion of a prosthetic joint, and post - operative rehabilitation.
8. Amputation can be caused by severe trauma, vascular diseases (like peripheral artery disease), infections, or cancer. Prosthesis is needed to restore function and improve the quality of life, allowing for mobility and better body image.

Answer:

1. skull; vertebral column; thoracic cage
2. pelvic girdle
3. sternum; vertebral column
4. floating ribs
5. true; false
6. heart; lungs
7. Joints may need replacement due to arthritis, injury, or congenital defects. Process: pre - operative assessment, anesthesia, remove damaged parts, insert prosthetic, post - operative rehab.
8. Amputation causes: severe trauma, vascular diseases, infections, cancer. Need for prosthesis: restore function, improve quality of life.