Question

1. relative to nails: chapter 4 skin and body membranes 67
2. what is the common name for the eponychium?
3. why does the lunula appear whiter than the rest of the nail?

homeostatic imbalances of the skin

1. overwhelming infection is one of the most important causes of death in burn patients. what is the other major problem they face, and what are its possible consequences?
2. this section reviews the severity of burns. using the key choices, select the correct burn type for each of the following descriptions. enter your answers in the answer blanks.

key choices
a. first - degree burn b. second - degree burn c. third - degree burn

1. full - thickness burn; epidermal and dermal layers destroyed; skin is blanched
2. blisters form
3. epidermal damage, redness, and some pain (usually brief)
4. epidermal and some dermal damage; pain; regeneration is possible
5. regeneration impossible; requires grafting
6. pain is absent because nerve endings in the area are destroyed
7. what is the importance of the “rule of nines” in treatment of burn patients?
8. fill in the type of skin cancer that matches each of the following descriptions:
9. epithelial cells, not in contact with the basement membrane, develop lesions; metastasize
10. cells of the lowest level of the epidermis invade the dermis and hypodermis; exposed areas develop ulcer; slow to metastasize
11. rare but often deadly cancer of pigment - producing cells

Explanation:

1. The eponychium is commonly known as the cuticle. It is a protective layer at the base of the nail.
2. The lunula appears whiter because the blood vessels underneath are less visible due to the thick - ness of the nail matrix in that area and the presence of a different type of tissue.
3. The other major problem for burn patients is fluid loss. Possible consequences include dehydration, hypovolemic shock, and electrolyte imbalances.

21.

• 1. C. Third - degree burn. Third - degree burns are full - thickness burns with destruction of epidermal and dermal layers and blanching of the skin.
• 2. B. Second - degree burn. Blisters are a characteristic feature of second - degree burns.
• 3. A. First - degree burn. First - degree burns involve only epidermal damage, causing redness and some brief pain.
• 4. B. Second - degree burn. Second - degree burns can have epidermal and some dermal damage, pain, and possible regeneration.
• 5. C. Third - degree burn. Third - degree burns often require grafting as regeneration is difficult or impossible.
• 6. C. Third - degree burn. In third - degree burns, nerve endings are destroyed, so there is no pain.

1. The "rule of nines" is important in burn treatment as it helps estimate the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns. This information is crucial for fluid resuscitation, determining the severity of the burn, and planning treatment.

23.

• 1. Squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas involve epithelial cells not in contact with the basement membrane, can develop lesions, and metastasize.
• 2. Basal cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinomas start from the lowest level of the epidermis, can invade the dermis and hypodermis, and are slow to metastasize.
• 3. Melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but often deadly cancer of pigment - producing cells.

Answer:

1. Cuticle
2. Blood vessels less visible due to nail matrix thickness and tissue type
3. Fluid loss; Dehydration, hypovolemic shock, electrolyte imbalances

21.

• 1. C. Third - degree burn
• 2. B. Second - degree burn
• 3. A. First - degree burn
• 4. B. Second - degree burn
• 5. C. Third - degree burn
• 6. C. Third - degree burn

1. Helps estimate TBSA affected by burns for fluid resuscitation and treatment planning

23.

• 1. Squamous cell carcinoma
• 2. Basal cell carcinoma
• 3. Melanoma