Question

why did japanese soldiers kill so many civilians in nanjing, china?
○ commanders encouraged their soldiers to be as brutal as possible.
○ civilians attacked the soldiers first, and then the soldiers retaliated.
○ soldiers were inexperienced at fighting and panicked under pressure.
○ chinese forces were closing in, so the soldiers took desperate measures.

Explanation:

The Nanjing Massacre occurred when Japanese forces faced Chinese forces closing in. The soldiers, under pressure and with desperation, took extreme actions. The option "Chinese forces were closing in, so the soldiers took desperate measures" aligns with the context of the situation leading to the massacre.

Answer:

D. Chinese forces were closing in, so the soldiers took desperate measures (assuming the last option is D; adjust identifier if needed based on original numbering)