Question

which of the following is an effect of aging on the urinary system?
a increased occurrence of kidney stones
b incontinence
c more frequent and urgent urination
d urinary tract infections increase
e all apply.

Explanation:

• Aging affects the urinary system in multiple ways. Kidney function changes can lead to increased kidney stone risk (A). Muscle and nerve changes in the bladder can cause incontinence (B). Bladder capacity and control changes lead to more frequent/urgent urination (C). Immune and anatomical changes increase urinary tract infections (D). So all options are effects of aging on the urinary system.

Answer:

E. All apply.