Question

use what you have learned about atoms and coulombs law to complete the paragraphs.
in an atom, the electrons closest to the nucleus, the electrons, shield the electrons from the nucleus. as a result, the outermost electrons do not experience the total positive charge of the protons, the charge. the net positive charge an electron experiences is called the charge.
according to coulombs law, the strength of the attractive force between an electron and the nucleus as effective nuclear charge increases and as distance increases. the stronger the attractive force, the the ionization energy, the energy required to remove the electron from the atom.

Explanation:

• Inner electrons shield outer electrons. The total positive charge of protons is nuclear charge, and the net positive charge an electron experiences is effective nuclear charge.
• According to Coulomb's law (\(F = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}\), where \(F\) is the force, \(k\) is a constant, \(q_1\) and \(q_2\) are charges, and \(r\) is the distance), as effective nuclear charge (\(q_1\) or \(q_2\) related to nucleus - electron interaction) increases, the attractive force (\(F\)) increases (since \(F\) is directly proportional to the product of charges). As distance (\(r\)) increases, the attractive force decreases (since \(F\) is inversely proportional to \(r^2\)). A stronger attractive force means a higher ionization energy (more energy is needed to overcome the attractive force and remove the electron).

Answer:

• First blank: inner
• Second blank: outer
• Third blank: nuclear
• Fourth blank: effective nuclear
• Fifth blank: increases
• Sixth blank: decreases
• Seventh blank: higher