Question

ultimately, the reforms initiated by mikhail gorbachev led to
the rise of vladimir putin.
increased hostilities with western europe.
the downfall of the soviet union.
improved relations with the soviet satellite states.

Explanation:

Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost reforms aimed to modernize the Soviet - economy and political system but led to political instability and economic chaos, ultimately resulting in the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991.

Answer:

the downfall of the Soviet Union.