Question

read these excerpts.
lincolns \gettysburg address.\
it is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
whitmans \o captain! my captain!\
exult, o shores, and ring, o bells!
but i, with mournful tread,
walk the deck my captain lies,
fallen cold and dead.
which rhetorical appeal do both excerpts use?
○ logos: the use of logic to convince the audience
○ pathos: the use of emotional appeals to affect the audiences feelings
○ brevity: writing or speaking that is short, brief, and to the point
○ ethos: the use of authority to persuade the audience to act the right way

Explanation:

• Lincoln's excerpt: Calls on the living to be dedicated to the unfinished work of those who fought (emotional appeal to honor the fallen and carry on).
• Whitman's excerpt: Expresses mourning over the "Captain" (Lincoln, symbolically) being "fallen cold and dead" (emotional language).
• Logos (logic): Not present as there are no logical arguments or data - driven claims.
• Brevity: While the passages are not overly long, brevity is not a rhetorical appeal in the sense of ethos, pathos, or logos.
• Ethos (authority): No appeal to the speaker's authority (like credentials or moral standing) is made.

Answer:

pathos: the use of emotional appeals to affect the audience's feelings