Question

question 3 (1 point)
using electronegativity, determine which of the following bonds is the most polar
c - o
c - n
c - c
c - h
c - cl
question 4 (1 point)
what is the tenet of the octet rule?
all elements must have eight valence electrons.
all elements form bonds to create a full outer shell containing eight electrons.
all elements form bonds.
all elements have a maximum of eight electrons.
no element has more than eight valence electrons.

Explanation:

Question 3

Step1: Recall electronegativity values

Electronegativity values: \(C = 2.5\), \(O=3.5\), \(N = 3.0\), \(H=2.1\), \(Cl = 3.0\)

Step2: Calculate electronegativity differences

For \(C - O\): \(|3.5 - 2.5|=1.0\)
For \(C - N\): \(|3.0 - 2.5| = 0.5\)
For \(C - C\): \(|2.5-2.5|=0\)
For \(C - H\): \(|2.5 - 2.1|=0.4\)
For \(C - Cl\): \(|3.0 - 2.5|=0.5\)

The octet rule states that atoms tend to form bonds in such a way that they have eight electrons in their outer shell (a full outer shell). It is about forming bonds to achieve this electron - configuration.

• Option 1: Not all elements (e.g., hydrogen wants 2 electrons) must have eight valence electrons.
• Option 2: This is in line with the octet rule as atoms form bonds (ionic or covalent) to get a full outer shell (usually 8 electrons).
• Option 3: Just stating elements form bonds is too vague.
• Option 4: Ignoring the concept of valence electrons and the goal of a full outer shell.
• Option 5: Valence electrons are the key, not just any electrons, and some elements can have more (expanded octet for elements in period 3 and above in some cases)

Answer:

\(C - O\)

Question 4