Question

question 4
participants in a study are divided into two groups. one group receives a specific drug and the second group receives a pill that looks like the drug but does not actually contain chemicals. in this study, the group that receives the real drug is called the __________ group.

• placebo
• experimental
• control
• independent

question 5
selena once received a shock while plugging in her toaster and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. in this example, the toaster would be a(n) __________ stimulus with respect to fear.

• conditioned
• prepared
• unconditioned
• responsive

question 6
a pigeon pecks a response key and receives food. as a result, the probability of key pecking increases. this is an example of:

• positive punishment
• positive reinforcement
• negative reinforcement
• response cost

Explanation:

• Question 4: In an experiment, the experimental group receives the treatment (the real drug in this case), while the control group receives a placebo (the pill without chemicals). The placebo group is used for comparison.
• Question 5: In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US), triggers a conditioned response (CR). Here, the toaster was initially neutral but became associated with the shock (US), so it is a conditioned stimulus.
• Question 6: Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus (like food for the pigeon) to increase the likelihood of a behavior (key - pecking). Positive punishment would involve adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior. Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior. Response cost is a form of punishment where a positive stimulus is removed.

Answer:

• Question 4: B. Experimental
• Question 5: A. Conditioned
• Question 6: B. Positive reinforcement