Question

question 12 (1 point)
the letter \p\ in the symbol $4 p^{3}$ indicates the
o a spin of an electron
b orbital shape
o c speed of an electron
d principle energy level

question 13 (1 point)
what types of atomic orbitals are in the third principal energy level?
o a p and d only
b s, p, d, and f
o c s and p only
d s, p, and d only

question 14 (1 point)
according to the aufbau principle,
o a electrons enter orbitals of highest energy first.
b electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
o c electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.
d an orbital may be occupied by only two electrons.

Explanation:

Question 12

In electron configuration notation, the letter (like \(s\), \(p\), \(d\), \(f\)) represents the orbital shape. The number (e.g., \(4\) in \(4p^{3}\)) is the principal energy level, and the superscript (\(3\) in \(4p^{3}\)) is the number of electrons in that orbital. Spin of an electron is represented by \(+\frac{1}{2}\) or \(-\frac{1}{2}\), and electron speed is not indicated in this notation.

The formula for the number of sub - shells in a principal energy level \(n\) is \(n\) sub - shells. For \(n = 3\), the sub - shells are \(s\) (\(l=0\)), \(p\) (\(l = 1\)), and \(d\) (\(l=2\)). The \(f\) sub - shell (\(l = 3\)) starts at \(n=4\).

The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy orbital to the highest energy orbital. Option c is Pauli exclusion principle (electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins), and option d is also related to orbital electron capacity (from Pauli exclusion principle in part). Option a is the opposite of the Aufbau principle.

Answer:

b. orbital shape

Question 13