Question

part 2: operant conditioning matching terms → match each definition or description with the appropriate term 1. presentation of a desired stimulus to increase behavior 2. tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a cr 3. removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior 4. an innately reinforcing stimulus 5. responses are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time 6. reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior 7. the reappearance of a weakened cr 8. presentation of an aversive stimulus 9. learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided 10. each and every response is reinforced 1. explain the difference between ratio and interval when discussing schedules of reinforcement. 2. reinforcement wants to (increase/decrease) a behavior, while punishments want to (increase/decrease) a behavior 3. explain the significance of edward thorndikes puzzle box. what did he want to examine? how did he do this? what did he discover about operant conditioning (law of effect)?

Explanation:

1. Presentation of a desired stimulus to increase behavior is positive reinforcement (e).
2. Tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a CR is generalization (h).
3. Removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior is negative reinforcement (f).
4. An innately reinforcing stimulus is primary reinforcer (g).
5. Responses are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time is variable - interval (j).
6. Reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior is shaping (a).
7. The reappearance of a weakened CR is spontaneous recovery (c).
8. Presentation of an aversive stimulus is punishment (b).
9. Learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided is latent learning (d).
10. Each and every response is reinforced is continuous reinforcement (i).

For the short - answer questions:

1. In ratio schedules of reinforcement, reinforcement is based on the number of responses; in interval schedules, it is based on the passage of time.
2. Reinforcement wants to increase a behavior, while punishments want to decrease a behavior.
3. Edward Thorndike's Puzzle Box was significant as he wanted to examine the relationship between behavior and its consequences. He placed animals in the box and observed their attempts to escape. He discovered the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors that are followed by pleasant consequences are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Answer:

1. e
2. h
3. f
4. g
5. j
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. d
10. i

Short - answer 1: In ratio schedules, reinforcement depends on number of responses; in interval schedules, on time passage.
Short - answer 2: increase; decrease
Short - answer 3: Thorndike examined behavior - consequence relationship. He put animals in box and observed. He found Law of Effect (behaviors with pleasant consequences are repeated, those with unpleasant are not).