mrs. o’grady wants to know if doing labs with her science class really helps them learn the material better. she decides to test this out in her two 6th grade science classes. in both classes she gives the same amount and type of notes and homework, but in one class she does labs and the other class she doesn’t. at the end of the unit, she gives both classes the same unit test and compares the class averages. 1. independent variable: 2. dependent variable: 3. hypothesis: 4. control group: 5. experimental group: 6. constants: 7. possible threats to accuracy of results?

Question

Accepted Answer

### 1. Independent variable:
# Brief Explanations:
The independent variable is the factor manipulated in an experiment. Here, it's whether labs are done (doing labs or not doing labs).
# Answer:
Doing labs (or "whether labs are conducted" / "lab participation (yes/no)")

### 2. Dependent variable:
# Brief Explanations:
The dependent variable is what's measured, dependent on the independent variable. Here, it's how well students learn the material, measured by test scores (class averages on the unit test).
# Answer:
Student learning of the material (measured by class averages on the unit test)

### 3. Hypothesis:
# Brief Explanations:
A hypothesis is a testable prediction. Based on the experiment, it would predict that doing labs affects learning (e.g., improves test scores).
# Answer:
If Mrs. O’Grady’s 6th grade science class does labs, then they will learn the material better (as measured by higher class averages on the unit test) than the class that does not do labs.

### 4. Control group:
# Brief Explanations:
The control group is the group not exposed to the independent variable (no labs) to compare with the experimental group.
# Answer:
The 6th grade science class that does not do labs

### 5. Experimental group:
# Brief Explanations:
The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable (does labs) to test the hypothesis.
# Answer:
The 6th grade science class that does labs

### 6. Constants:
# Brief Explanations:
Constants are factors kept the same to ensure a fair test. Here, notes, homework, test, and grade level are constant.
# Answer:
- Amount and type of notes given
- Amount and type of homework given
- The unit test (same test for both classes)
- Grade level of students (6th grade)
- Teacher (Mrs. O’Grady)

### 7. Possible threats to accuracy of results?
# Brief Explanations:
Threats could be differences in student ability, effort, or external factors. Small sample size (two classes) or individual student differences (e.g., one class has more motivated students) could affect results.
# Answer:
- Small sample size (only two classes, limited number of students)
- Individual student differences (e.g., one class has more students with prior knowledge, higher motivation, or different learning styles that impact test scores regardless of labs)
- Teacher bias (unintentionally teaching or testing differently, even with same materials)
- External factors (e.g., one class had a disruption before the test, affecting performance)

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

1. Independent variable:

Answer:

2. Dependent variable: