Question

1. \a ministry keeps its decade - old approval process even when new evidence supports reform.\ this is:

values - based force
planned change
institutional inertia
economic force

Explanation:

Institutional inertia refers to an organization's resistance to change, even when there is a need for it. Here, the ministry is sticking to its old approval process despite new evidence suggesting reform. Values - based force would relate to beliefs and values driving actions. Planned change is a deliberate effort to change. Economic force is related to financial aspects. Since the focus is on resistance to change (inertia) of an institution (ministry), institutional inertia is the correct term.

Answer:

Institutional inertia