Question

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Explanation:

Identify the core question

The question asks which of the options accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. This is a "select all that apply" multiple-choice question.

Analyze Gilligan's criticisms

Using the Gilligan Moral Development and Care Perspective knowledge points, we analyze Carol Gilligan's primary arguments against Kohlberg's stages of moral development:

1. Justice vs. Care Perspective: Kohlberg's theory is based on a justice perspective, which focuses on individual rights and abstract principles of justice. Gilligan argued for a Care Perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships, and concern for others.
2. Gender Bias (Male Norm): Gilligan pointed out that Kohlberg's research was conducted primarily with male participants, making it based on a male norm that undervalues the relational moral reasoning more common in females.
3. Individualism vs. Connection: She criticized Kohlberg's theory for portraying the moral agent as an individual standing alone to make independent decisions, rather than recognizing the importance of relationships.

Evaluate each option

Let's reconstruct and evaluate the visible options based on these principles:

• Option 1: "...phasis on interpersonal communication and concern for others ignores individual decisions." -> Incorrect. Gilligan advocated for interpersonal communication and concern for others; she did not criticize Kohlberg for ignoring individual decisions in this manner.
• Option 2: "...s the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for overemphasizing the individual standing alone to make moral decisions, ignoring relational contexts.
• Option 3: "...to focus on the rights of the individual." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's tendency to focus primarily on individual rights (justice perspective) rather than relationships and care.
• Option 4: "...ased on a male norm." -> Correct. Gilligan famously argued that Kohlberg's theory is biased because it was based on a male norm.
• Option 5: "...s abstract principles above relationships." -> Correct. Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for placing abstract moral principles (like justice) above interpersonal relationships.

Answer:

• (A) Kohlberg's emphasis on interpersonal communication and concern for others ignores individual decisions.
• (B) Kohlberg's theory portrays the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. (Correct answer)
• (C) Kohlberg's theory tends to focus on the rights of the individual. (Correct answer)
• (D) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm. (Correct answer)
• (E) Kohlberg's theory places abstract principles above relationships. (Correct answer)