Question

(1) how did the fall of the mongol empire change the way that long distance trade networks worked after 1450?

Explanation:

The Mongol Empire had ensured safety and stability for trade routes like the Silk Road. After its fall, land - based trade became riskier due to lack of unified security. This led to a shift towards maritime trade. European powers, seeking alternative trade routes to Asia (as the overland routes were less secure), began to invest in oceanic exploration. New maritime trade networks emerged, with ships traveling around Africa to reach Asia, and later across the Atlantic and Pacific.

Answer:

The fall of the Mongol Empire made land - based long - distance trade (e.g., along the Silk Road) more perilous due to the absence of a large - scale, unifying security force. As a result, there was a significant shift towards maritime trade. European countries, in particular, started to explore oceanic routes (such as the voyages around Africa to Asia), leading to the establishment of new maritime - based long - distance trade networks.