Question

the following passage from the counterpoint essay (paragraph 16) mainly shows that
skinner defined motivation in terms of such reinforcement, explaining that behavior that receives reinforcement will recur, and behavior that receives punishment will cease to occur. reinforcement may be positive, as in the addition of something pleasant such as praise or treats. it may be negative, as in the removal of something unpleasant when a certain behavior occurs. punishment, too, may involve application of something unfavorable or removal of something favorable.
a. there is no direct correlation between incentives and learning
b. although positive reinforcement works, it is relatively ineffective if it isnt coupled with negative consequences
c. the use of either positive or negative reinforcement is an effective teaching tool
d. when a punishment is used to stop negative behavior, it makes the recipient feel ashamed and causes them to stop the behavior

Explanation:

The passage discusses Skinner's definition of motivation through reinforcement (both positive and negative) and punishment. It emphasizes that behavior with reinforcement recurs and with punishment ceases. Option C aligns as it states the use of either positive or negative reinforcement is an effective teaching tool (implied by the described impact on behavior). Option A is wrong as the passage shows a correlation (reinforcement - behavior recurrence). Option B is incorrect as there's no mention of positive reinforcement being ineffective without negative. Option D is wrong as the passage doesn't mention shame in punishment.

Answer:

C. the use of either positive or negative reinforcement is an effective teaching tool