Question

classify the disturbances as those that lead to primary or secondary succession. research if needed. some events can lead to primary as well as secondary succession. place an x in the correct column of the table for each disturbance. - volcano - fire - landslide - hurricane - flooding - logging - tsunami event primary succession secondary succession both volcano fire landslide hurricane flooding logging tsunami

Explanation:

To solve this, we recall the definitions:

• Primary Succession: Occurs on completely new, barren surfaces (no soil or organic matter left), e.g., after volcanic eruptions (lava flow creates new rock) or severe landslides that strip all soil.
• Secondary Succession: Occurs on disturbed areas with soil/organic matter remaining (e.g., after fire, logging, hurricanes, floods, or tsunamis—these remove life but leave soil intact).
• Both: Some events can cause both (e.g., a volcano might have a small lava flow (primary) and also destroy an area with soil (secondary), or a landslide might strip some areas (primary) and disturb others with soil (secondary)).

Step 1: Analyze Each Event

• Volcano: Lava flow creates new rock (no soil) → Primary Succession (or Both, if part of the area has soil left, but mainly primary).
• Fire: Burns vegetation but leaves soil → Secondary Succession.
• Landslide: Severe landslides strip all soil (primary); milder ones leave soil (secondary) → Both.
• Hurricane: Destroys vegetation but leaves soil → Secondary Succession.
• Flooding: Destroys life but leaves soil → Secondary Succession.
• Logging: Removes trees but leaves soil → Secondary Succession.
• Tsunami: Destroys life but leaves soil → Secondary Succession (or Both, if it also strips soil in some areas).

Step 2: Fill the Table

Event	Primary Succession	Secondary Succession	Both
fire		x
landslide	(x if soil stripped)	(x if soil remains)	x (common)
hurricane		x
flooding		x
logging		x
tsunami		x	(optional)

(Note: “Both” is subjective for some events, but the core distinction is soil presence. For simplicity, use the dominant category unless the event clearly causes both.)

Answer:

Event	Primary Succession	Secondary Succession	Both
fire		x
landslide	x	x	x
hurricane		x
flooding		x
logging		x
tsunami		x

(Adjust “Both” based on context—e.g., landslide is often marked Both, volcano can be Both if part of the area has soil. For basic classification, use the above as a guide.)