Question

circle the correct answer.

1. which ion gained electrons(s) mg²+ or cl¹-
2. which ion lost electron(s) br¹- and ca²+

true/false
59 ________ vsepr theory allows us to predict the size of atoms.

1. ________ the three types of bonds in covalent bonding are single, double, and tri

covalent bonding and electronegativity
electronegativity chart
using the pauling scale

Explanation:

57. Ion gaining electrons

• Step1: Analyze \(Mg^{2 +}\)

\(Mg\) (magnesium) has an atomic number of 12. Its electron configuration is \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}\). To form \(Mg^{2+}\), it loses 2 electrons (\(3s^{2}\) electrons).

• Step2: Analyze \(Cl^{1 -}\)

\(Cl\) (chlorine) has an atomic number of 17. Its electron configuration is \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}\). To form \(Cl^{1-}\), it gains 1 electron to complete the \(3p\) sub - shell (\(3p^{6}\)).

58. Ion losing electrons

• Step1: Analyze \(Br^{1 -}\)

\(Br\) (bromine) has an atomic number of 35. Its electron configuration (for the valence shell) is \(4s^{2}4p^{5}\). To form \(Br^{1-}\), it gains 1 electron.

• Step2: Analyze \(Ca^{2+}\)

\(Ca\) (calcium) has an atomic number of 20. Its electron configuration is \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}\). To form \(Ca^{2+}\), it loses 2 electrons (\(4s^{2}\) electrons).

59. VSEPR Theory

• Step1: VSEPR Theory concept

VSEPR (Valence - Shell Electron - Pair Repulsion) Theory is used to predict the molecular geometry (shape) of a molecule based on the repulsion between electron pairs (bonding and non - bonding) around the central atom. It has nothing to do with predicting the size of atoms.

60. Covalent bonds

• Step1: Covalent bond types

In covalent bonding, the three types of bonds are single (\( \sigma\) bond, e.g., \(H - H\)), double (\( \sigma+\pi\) bonds, e.g., \(O = O\)) and triple (\( \sigma + 2\pi\) bonds, e.g., \(N\equiv N\)) bonds.

Answer:

1. \(Cl^{1-}\)
2. \(Ca^{2+}\)
3. False
4. True