assessment
1. summarize the reasons american indian culture was irrevocably changed by the end of the 1800s.
2. compare and contrast how white settlers and american indians viewed nature.
3. support a point of view with evidence determine why chief piapot asserted that the canadian government “keeps only half” of the promises made to american indians.
4. compare and contrast the relocations and outcomes for the navajo and nez percés.
5. quest connections what lasting effects did life on reservations have on american indian nations, including the efforts of the u.s. government to abolish their practices and beliefs?

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
To summarize the reasons for the irrevocable change of American Indian culture by the end of the 1800s, we consider several key factors:
1. **Westward Expansion and Land Loss**: White settlers moved west, taking over American Indian lands through treaties (often broken) and force. This disrupted their traditional ways of life tied to specific territories, like hunting grounds and agricultural lands.
2. **Forced Assimilation**: Policies like the Dawes Act aimed to assimilate American Indians into white society. They were pressured to adopt European - American farming methods, clothing, and education (e.g., boarding schools that separated children from their families and cultures).
3. **Economic Disruption**: The buffalo, a vital resource for many tribes (used for food, shelter, tools, and cultural practices), was nearly driven to extinction by white hunters. This destroyed the economic and cultural foundation of tribes like the Plains Indians.
4. **Disease**: European - American settlers brought diseases such as smallpox, which decimated American Indian populations. With fewer people, cultural transmission (e.g., passing down stories, traditions, and skills) was severely hindered.
5. **Political Subjugation**: The U.S. government established a system of reservations, confining tribes to small, often inhospitable areas. This loss of autonomy and control over their own affairs led to the breakdown of traditional political and social structures.

# Answer:
The American Indian culture was irrevocably changed by the end of the 1800s due to westward expansion (land loss), forced assimilation (e.g., Dawes Act, boarding schools), economic disruption (buffalo extinction), disease (population decline), and political subjugation (reservations and loss of autonomy).

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
- **American Indians' View of Nature**: Most American Indian tribes had a spiritual and sustainable relationship with nature. They saw nature as sacred, with many elements (e.g., animals, rivers, mountains) having spiritual significance. For example, the Sioux considered the Black Hills a sacred place. They used natural resources in a way that maintained balance, taking only what they needed for survival (e.g., hunting buffalo in a way that allowed herds to replenish). Nature was an integral part of their cultural identity, and their ceremonies and traditions were often tied to natural cycles (like the seasons or the life - cycle of animals).
- **White Settlers' View of Nature**: White settlers generally viewed nature as a resource to be exploited for economic gain. They saw land as something to be owned, farmed, or mined for profit. Forests were cleared for timber and to make way for settlements and agriculture. Rivers were used for transportation and as a means to power mills. The concept of " Manifest Destiny" encouraged them to "tame" the wilderness, and they often had little regard for the spiritual or sustainable use of natural resources. They also brought with them a European - based system of land ownership and resource management that clashed with American Indian practices.

# Answer:
American Indians viewed nature as sacred and sustainable, with spiritual ties and balanced resource use. White settlers viewed nature as an exploitable economic resource, focused on ownership and profit - driven development, with little regard for spiritual or sustainable practices.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
Chief Piapot likely asserted that the Canadian government "kept only half" of its promises to American Indians because of several reasons:
1. **Land Promises**: The Canadian government likely made promises about land allocation (e.g., reserving certain lands for tribes or allowing them to continue using traditional lands). However, as white settlement expanded, the government often reduced the size of reservations or took over traditional lands for settlement, resource extraction, or other purposes.
2. **Economic and Resource Promises**: Promises related to providing resources (e.g., food, tools) or economic support (e.g., for transitioning to new ways of life) were likely not fully fulfilled. The government may have provided insufficient or inconsistent support, leading to hardship for the tribes.
3. **Self - Governance Promises**: If there were promises about allowing tribes to maintain their own governance or cultural practices, the Canadian government may have imposed its own laws and regulations, restricting tribal autonomy. For example, they may have interfered with tribal leadership structures or cultural ceremonies.
4. **Treaty Violations**: Many treaties between the Canadian government and American Indian tribes were not fully honored. The government may have reneged on aspects of the treaties related to rights, resources, or land, leading Chief Piapot to feel that only a portion of the promises were kept.

# Answer:
Chief Piapot likely said the Canadian government "kept only half" of its promises due to unfulfilled land, economic/resource, self - governance promises, and treaty violations (e.g., reduced reservations, insufficient support, restricted autonomy, broken treaty terms).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
- **Relocation**:
    - **Navajo**: The Navajo were forced to relocate during the Long Walk (1864 - 1866). They were marched from their homeland in Arizona and New Mexico to the Bosque Redondo reservation in New Mexico. This was a result of conflicts with the U.S. military as the Navajo resisted white settlement and encroachment on their lands.
    - **Nez Percés**: The Nez Percés, led by Chief Joseph, were forced to relocate after a conflict with the U.S. government. They attempted to flee to Canada to avoid reservation life. They traveled over 1,000 miles while being pursued by the U.S. Army.
- **Outcomes**:
    - **Navajo**: Life at Bosque Redondo was difficult, with poor living conditions, lack of resources, and disease. Eventually, in 1868, they were allowed to return to a portion of their original homeland (a smaller reservation than their traditional lands). Over time, they rebuilt their communities, reestablished their sheep - herding economy (an important part of their culture), and maintained their cultural identity.
    - **Nez Percés**: Chief Joseph and his band were captured just short of the Canadian border. They were initially sent to a reservation in Kansas, then to Oklahoma. Many died from disease and harsh conditions. Later, some were allowed to return to the Pacific Northwest, but not to their original homeland. Their cultural and social structures were severely disrupted, and they faced ongoing challenges in preserving their culture and way of life.

# Answer:
- **Relocation**: Navajo were forced on the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo; Nez Percés fled toward Canada but were captured.
- **Outcomes**: Navajo returned to part of their homeland, rebuilt communities; Nez Percés were sent to Kansas/Oklahoma, many died, some later returned to Pacific Northwest (not original homeland), with disrupted culture.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
- **Cultural Disruption**: Life on reservations led to the disruption of American Indian cultures. Traditional practices like ceremonies, storytelling, and subsistence activities (e.g., hunting, traditional farming) were restricted. The U.S. government's efforts to abolish their practices and beliefs (e.g., through boarding schools, banning of potlatches among some tribes, and forced conversion to Christianity) led to the loss of cultural knowledge, especially among younger generations.
- **Economic Dependency**: Reservations often had poor land quality and limited economic opportunities. American Indian nations became dependent on government rations and subsidies. The traditional economic systems (e.g., based on hunting, trading, or communal farming) were destroyed, and new economic activities were difficult to establish due to lack of resources and government policies.
- **Population Decline and Health Issues**: Crowded and unsanitary conditions on reservations led to the spread of diseases. The loss of traditional foods (e.g., buffalo for Plains tribes) and the introduction of processed, unhealthy foods led to health problems like malnutrition and obesity.
- **Political and Social Fragmentation**: The reservation system broke up tribal communities and political structures. Tribes were often confined to small areas, and traditional leadership was undermined by the U.S. government's appointment of agents or傀儡 leaders. This led to social fragmentation as families and clans were separated, and traditional social bonds were weakened.
- **Resilience and Cultural Revival (Lasting Positive Effect)**: Despite these challenges, many American Indian nations have shown resilience. In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been a cultural revival, with efforts to reclaim languages, traditions, and spiritual practices. Tribes have also fought for and gained some degree of self - governance, economic development (e.g., casinos, tribal businesses), and recognition of their rights.

# Answer:
Life on reservations had lasting effects: cultural disruption (due to banned practices/beliefs), economic dependency, population decline/health issues, political/social fragmentation. However, there was also cultural revival and increased self - governance in later years.

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