Question

all of the following are phenomena that break traditional rules of conditioning except
a. phobias
b. taste aversion
c. learned helplessness
d. effects of reinforcement
please select the best answer from the choices provided

Explanation:

Phobias, taste aversion, and learned helplessness are phenomena that challenge traditional conditioning rules. Phobias can form quickly (not following gradual conditioning). Taste aversion can occur with a single pairing (breaking typical conditioning timing). Learned helplessness shows a lack of response despite reinforcement history. Effects of reinforcement, however, are a core part of traditional conditioning theories (like operant conditioning), where reinforcement strengthens behavior, which is in line with traditional conditioning principles.

Answer:

D. effects of reinforcement