Question

all of the following are factors that increase the absorption of alcohol, except:
a) if alcohol is taken on an empty stomach.
b) if alcohol is carbonated.
c) if the person is a woman.
d) all of these are correct.

Explanation:

• Option a: When alcohol is consumed on an empty stomach, there is less food to slow down the passage of alcohol from the stomach to the small intestine (where most alcohol absorption occurs). So, alcohol is absorbed more quickly.
• Option b: Carbonated alcoholic beverages (like champagne, some mixed drinks with carbonated mixers) cause the pyloric sphincter (the valve between the stomach and small intestine) to relax. This allows alcohol to move more rapidly from the stomach to the small intestine, increasing absorption rate.
• Option c: Women generally have less of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach) than men. As a result, more alcohol reaches the small intestine (where most absorption occurs) unchanged, leading to higher blood - alcohol concentrations for a given amount of alcohol consumed, which implies relatively higher absorption (in terms of the amount of alcohol that actually gets into the bloodstream unmetabolized in the stomach).

Since all of the options a, b, and c are factors that increase alcohol absorption, option d is incorrect.

Answer:

d) All of these are correct.