Question

1. describe an example that demonstrates how language can be a centripetal force for a country at a national scale, but a centrifugal force for that same country at a subnational or local scale.
2. compare relocation and expansion diffusion.
3. describe stimulus diffusion. provide an example.
4. describe hierarchical diffusion. provide an example.
5. explain how colonialism is a historical example of diffusion.
6. explain how imperialism is a historical example of diffusion.
7. explain how the cold war is a historical example of diffusion.
8. describe how the diffusion of religion was affected by the soviet union.
9. define lingua france. provide an example of a lingua franca at a global scale and a regional scale.
10. compare ethnic religions to universalizing religions.

Explanation:

1. Hindi unites India nationally but marginalizes local languages (e.g., Tamil) subnationally.
2. Relocation diffusion requires people moving (e.g., immigrants carrying traditions); expansion diffusion spreads through interaction (e.g., disease spread).
3. Stimulus diffusion: Idea adapts to new context—McDonald’s serves McAloo Tikki in India instead of beef burgers.
4. Hierarchical diffusion: Spreads from elites to masses—celebrities wearing a style leads to public adoption.
5. Colonizers (e.g., Britain) imposed language, religion, and institutions on colonies (e.g., India), diffusing their culture.
6. Empires (e.g., Roman) spread laws, language, and technology to conquered regions.
7. U.S. and USSR promoted their ideologies via allies, media, and aid, diffusing capitalism/communism.
8. Soviet atheism policies banned religious practices, reducing religious diffusion within its borders.
9. Lingua franca facilitates communication: English globally (business/tech); Swahili in East Africa.
10. Ethnic religions (e.g., Hinduism) are tied to specific ethnic groups; universalizing religions (e.g., Christianity) seek global followers.

Answer:

1. Example: Hindi in India
2. Relocation: movement of people; Expansion: spread via contact
3. Stimulus diffusion: spread of an idea’s concept; Example: McDonald’s adapting menus
4. Hierarchical diffusion: spread via authority; Example: fashion trends from celebrities
5. Colonialism spread culture/tech from colonizers to colonies
6. Imperialism spread dominant power’s culture/tech to territories
7. Cold War spread political ideologies (capitalism/communism) globally
8. Soviet Union suppressed religion, limiting diffusion
9. Lingua franca: common language; Global: English; Regional: Swahili
10. Ethnic: tied to group; Universalizing: open to all