19. what scan is conducted to diagnose tbi or cte?
20. define metabolism.

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### Question 20: Define metabolism.
# Brief Explanations:
Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. It has two main parts: catabolism (breaking down molecules to release energy, e.g., glucose breakdown) and anabolism (building molecules, e.g., protein synthesis). These reactions maintain life, support growth, repair, and energy production/use.
# Answer:
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism, including catabolism (breaking down molecules for energy) and anabolism (synthesizing molecules for growth/repair), to sustain life processes like energy production, growth, and maintenance.

### Question 19: What scan is conducted to diagnose TBI or CTE?
# Brief Explanations:
To diagnose Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), several scans can be used. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is effective for detecting structural brain changes. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) can show metabolic changes, especially useful for CTE (though CTE diagnosis often needs post - mortem confirmation, PET can help in living patients by detecting tau protein accumulation - related metabolic changes). CT (Computed Tomography) is used acutely for TBI to detect bleeding, fractures. But for detailed structural and some functional aspects in TBI follow - up or CTE, MRI is commonly used, and PET for metabolic/protein - related changes.
# Answer:
To diagnose Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), scans like **MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)** (for structural brain changes), **PET (Positron Emission Tomography)** (for metabolic/tau - related changes, especially in CTE), or **CT (Computed Tomography)** (acute TBI for bleeding/fractures) can be used. MRI is often a primary choice for detailed structural assessment in TBI follow - up and for detecting subtle changes in CTE - related research, while PET helps in identifying metabolic and protein - based abnormalities associated with CTE.

### Question 18: Describe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
# Brief Explanations:
- **Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)**:
    - **Definition**: Injury to the brain from external force (e.g., blow to head, accident). Ranges from mild (concussion: temporary confusion, headache) to severe (skull fracture, brain bleeding, long - term disability).
    - **Mechanism**: Force causes brain to move in skull, leading to contusions, axonal injury (shearing of nerve fibers), bleeding.
    - **Symptoms**: Acute - headache, nausea, confusion, loss of consciousness. Chronic - cognitive issues (memory, attention), mood changes, motor problems.
    - **Diagnosis**: CT/MRI, neurological exam.
    - **Treatment**: Rest (mild), surgery (severe, e.g., to stop bleeding), rehabilitation.
- **Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)**:
    - **Definition**: Progressive neurodegenerative disease from repeated mild TBI (e.g., sports - related concussions, military blasts).
    - **Mechanism**: Repeated trauma causes tau protein misfolding, forming tangles, leading to brain atrophy, ventricular enlargement.
    - **Symptoms**: Early - mood/personality changes, impulsivity. Later - dementia, memory loss, motor symptoms (tremors), suicidality.
    - **Diagnosis**: Primarily post - mortem (brain tissue analysis for tau tangles), but in - life: PET (tau - specific tracers), MRI (atrophy), clinical history.
    - **Treatment**: No cure, supportive care (symptom management: therapy for mood, cognitive rehab).
# Answer:
- **Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)**:
    - **Nature**: Injury to the brain from external mechanical force (e.g., falls, sports collisions, vehicle accidents). Severity: Mild (concussion, temporary brain function disruption), moderate, or severe (life - threatening, with skull fractures, brain bleeding).
    - **Pathology/Mechanism**: Force causes the brain to jolt within the skull, leading to contusions (brain tissue bruising), axonal shearing (damage to nerve cell fibers), hemorrhage (bleeding in/around brain), and swelling.
    - **Symptoms**:
        - **Acute**: Headache, nausea/vomiting, confusion, dizziness, temporary loss of consciousness (mild - severe).
        - **Chronic**: Cognitive deficits (memory, attention), mood disorders (depression, anxiety), motor impairments (balance, coordination), sleep problems.
    - **Diagnosis/Treatment**: Diagnosed via CT (acute, for bleeding/fractures), MRI (subtle structural changes), and neurological exams. Treatment: Mild TBI - rest, symptom management (painkillers). Severe TBI - emergency surgery (e.g., to remove hematoma), rehabilitation (physical, cognitive, occupational therapy).

- **Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)**:
    - **Nature**: Progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by **repeated mild TBI** (e.g., sports - related concussions, military blast - related head impacts). Develops over years/decades after repeated trauma.
    - **Pathology/Mechanism**: Repeated trauma triggers abnormal accumulation of tau protein in the brain, forming tangles. This leads to brain atrophy (shrinking), ventricular enlargement, and disruption of neural networks.
    - **Symptoms**:
        - **Early**: Mood/personality changes (irritability, aggression, depression), impulsivity, sleep disturbances.
        - **Late**: Dementia (severe memory loss, confusion), motor symptoms (tremors, parkinsonism - like movements), suicidality, loss of executive function (planning, decision - making).
    - **Diagnosis/Treatment**: Primarily diagnosed **post - mortem** (brain tissue analysis for tau tangles). In - life: PET (with tau - specific tracers) to detect tau accumulation, MRI (to identify atrophy), and clinical history of repeated head trauma. No cure; treatment is supportive (e.g., psychotherapy for mood, cognitive rehab, symptom - specific medications like antidepressants).

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Question 20: Define metabolism.

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Question 19: What scan is conducted to diagnose TBI or CTE?