Question

10 multiple choice 1 point
which of the following elements have a tendency to gain electrons?
cl, f, ga
n, o, al
cl, o, f

11 multiple choice 1 point
which list of elements contains only nonmetals?
sodium, chromium, copper
helium, carbon, gold
phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

12 multiple choice 1 point
due to periodicity, which of the following elements has chemical behavior similar to that of oxygen?
sulfur
carbon
bromine

13 multiple choice 1 point
which of the following sets of elements are the most similar to each other?
h, he
c, n, o, f
f, cl, br, i

14 multiple choice 1 point
in what block, group, and period on the periodic table can the atom with a \\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1\\) ground-state electron configuration be found?
s-block, group 1, and period 3
s-block, group 1, and period 4
s-block, group 1, and period 2

Explanation:

Analyze tendency to gain electrons

Using the Periodic Trends knowledge point, elements with high electronegativity and electron affinity (nonmetals) tend to gain electrons to achieve a stable octet.

• Cl, F, and O are nonmetals that strongly gain electrons.
• Ga and Al are metals that tend to lose electrons.
• Therefore, the set containing only elements with a tendency to gain electrons is Cl, O, F.

Identify list containing only nonmetals

We classify each element in the given options:

• Sodium, chromium, and copper are all metals.
• Helium and carbon are nonmetals, but gold is a transition metal.
• Phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen are all nonmetals located on the right side of the periodic table.

Determine element with similar behavior to Oxygen

Elements in the same group (column) of the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons and exhibit similar chemical behaviors.

• Oxygen is in Group 16 (6A).
• Sulfur is also in Group 16 (6A), directly below oxygen.
• Carbon is in Group 14, and bromine is in Group 17.
• Thus, sulfur has chemical behavior similar to oxygen.

Find the most similar set of elements

Elements belonging to the same group share highly similar chemical properties due to having the identical valence electron configuration.

• H (Group 1) and He (Group 18) are very different.
• C, N, O, F are in the same period, but their properties change across the period.
• F, Cl, Br, I are all halogens in Group 17, making them the most chemically similar set.

Locate element from electron configuration

We analyze the given ground-state electron configuration: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1\).

• The highest principal quantum number is \(n = 3\), which corresponds to period 3.
• The outermost electron is in an \(s\) orbital, placing it in the s-block.
• There is \(1\) electron in this outer \(s\) orbital, which corresponds to group 1 (alkali metals).
• Therefore, the element is in the s-block, group 1, and period 3.

Answer:

Question 10

• (A) Cl, F, Ga
• (B) N, O, Al
• (C) Cl, O, F (Correct answer)

Question 11

• (A) sodium, chromium, copper
• (B) helium, carbon, gold
• (C) phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen (Correct answer)

Question 12

• (A) sulfur (Correct answer)
• (B) carbon
• (C) bromine

Question 13

• (A) H, He
• (B) C, N, O, F
• (C) F, Cl, Br, I (Correct answer)

Question 14

• (A) s-block, group 1, and period 3 (Correct answer)
• (B) s-block, group 1, and period 4
• (C) s-block, group 1, and period 2