Question

1. why are sunspots cooler than the other areas of the photosphere?

Explanation:

Sunspots are cooler because of the Sun's magnetic field. The magnetic field lines in sunspots are concentrated and strong, inhibiting the upward flow of hot gas (plasma) from the Sun's interior to the photosphere. Normally, the photosphere gets heat from this upward - moving plasma. In sunspots, with the magnetic field suppressing this convection, the area is not heated as much, so it has a lower temperature (appearing cooler) than the surrounding photosphere regions.

Answer:

Sunspots are cooler than other photosphere areas because their strong, concentrated magnetic fields inhibit the convection of hot plasma from the Sun's interior, reducing heating in those regions.