Question

which of these were needed to produce modern day world maps?
a. the establishment of a standardized latitude - longitude grid
b. the common - sense notion that the earth is stationary
c. the compromise between flat - world and spherical - world premises
d. the exploration of unknown territories
e. the collection of fact - based observations
f. the use of instruments to make accurate recordings
g. the adoption of an official world map for general usage

Explanation:

• Option A: A standardized latitude - longitude grid is essential for precisely locating places on a world map.
• Option D: Exploration of unknown territories provides the data about new lands to be included on the map.
• Option E: Fact - based observations (like geographical features, coastlines etc.) are necessary for accurate mapping.
• Option F: Instruments (such as compasses, sextants in the past and modern GPS - based tools now) are used to make accurate recordings of positions and distances.

Option B is incorrect as the Earth is not stationary (it rotates and revolves). Option C is not a fundamental requirement as the Earth is a sphere (ignoring very minor deviations) and modern maps are based on spherical geometry (with appropriate projections). Option G is a result of having the necessary elements (A, D, E, F) to create a map, not a requirement for producing the map itself.

Answer:

A. The establishment of a standardized latitude - longitude grid, D. The exploration of unknown territories, E. The collection of fact - based observations, F. The use of instruments to make accurate recordings.