Question

which of the following views suggests that our biological needs give rise to unpleasant states of tension or arousal that push us into action?

instinct theory
expectancy theory
affiliation theory
drive - reduction theory

Explanation:

Drive - reduction theory posits that biological needs create a state of tension (drive). For example, when one is thirsty (biological need), it creates an unpleasant state of tension. This tension then motivates the individual to engage in behaviors (like drinking water) to reduce the drive and return to a state of equilibrium (homeostasis).

• Instinct theory focuses on innate, fixed patterns of behavior that are species - specific and not related to tension from biological needs in the same way.
• Expectancy theory is more about the relationship between expectations of achieving a goal and motivation, not biological need - based tension.
• Affiliation theory is centered around the need for social connection and is not about biological need - induced tension.

Answer:

drive - reduction theory