Question

which of the following animals are primary consumers? include those that serve in more than one trophic level, as long as one of them is a primary consumer.

Explanation:

Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers (plants). In the given food web, the snowshoe hare, vole, pronghorn, and elk eat grass, willow, or berries (producers). Even if an animal (like elk) might be part of other trophic levels (e.g., if something preys on it, but here we focus on its role as a primary consumer as per the question's instruction to include if one of its roles is primary consumer).

Answer:

Snowshoe hare, vole, pronghorn, elk.