Question

which is an example of secondary succession?
a grapevine growing in an abandoned vineyard
ferns growing in a forest that has been logged
a pioneer species moving into an uninhabited area
lichens growing on cooled lava rock

Explanation:

To determine the example of secondary succession, we recall that secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbance (like logging, fire, or abandonment) has destroyed the existing community but left the soil intact.

• "A grapevine growing in an abandoned vineyard" – while abandonment is a disturbance, the option text seems partially obscured, but let's analyze others.
• "Ferns growing in a forest that has been logged" – Logging is a disturbance that removes the forest community but leaves soil. Ferns colonizing this logged forest is secondary succession.
• "A pioneer species moving into an uninhabited area" – This is primary succession (starting from bare, uninhabited land with no soil or organic matter).
• "Lichens growing on cooled lava rock" – Lava rock is bare, with no soil, so this is primary succession (lichens are pioneer species in primary succession).

So the correct example is ferns growing in a logged forest.

Answer:

B. ferns growing in a forest that has been logged (assuming the options are labeled A, B, C, D with the second option as B; if the first visible option after the obscured one is B, then this is the answer. If the numbering is different, adjust, but based on the order: first option (obscured), second (ferns) – so likely the second option, e.g., B. ferns growing in a forest that has been logged)