Question

what is primary succession?
succession that occurs in an area where soil and life have not yet formed
neither of these
succession that occurs when a severe disturbance clears the existing community but leaves the soil intact
both of these

Explanation:

To determine the correct answer, we analyze the definition of primary succession. Primary succession occurs in an area where no soil or life has been established (e.g., after a volcanic eruption forming new rock or glacial retreat exposing bare rock). The option "Succession that occurs when a severe disturbance clears the existing community but leaves the soil intact" describes secondary succession. So the first option correctly defines primary succession.

Answer:

A. Succession that occurs in an area where soil and life have not yet formed