Question

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which of the following is a limitation of the polygraph as a lie detector?
o feelings of stress due to the situation can influence physical arousal.
o the machine cannot distinguish among emotions.
o people can be trained to beat a lie detector
o all of these are correct.

Explanation:

• Stress - physical arousal link: The polygraph measures physical arousal (e.g., heart rate, sweating). Situational stress (not related to lying) can cause similar physical responses as lying. For example, a nervous person in a high - stakes test (not lying) may show increased heart rate.
• Emotion - distinction issue: The polygraph cannot tell the difference between emotions like anxiety (from stress) and guilt (from lying). It just measures general physical arousal.
• Training to beat: People can be trained to control their physical responses. For instance, using techniques like tensing muscles at non - critical times to disrupt the normal pattern of responses that the polygraph is supposed to detect for lies.

Answer:

All of these are correct.